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Linguistics
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Jan 9, 2024
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LING 201
Assignment 1
Due Date: January ,2023
Name:
UCID:
Section A) Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word (5p.)
1)
Morphology
is a sub-branch of linguistics which discusses how words are formed in the language.
2)
Syntax is the study of how sentences
are formed in the language.
3)
Animals don’t have a language, but they have communication system
.
4)
The fact that we associate different words with real-world objects is a language property known as arbitrariness
5)
All the rules existing in a language is called grammar
which is not limited to sentence formation.
6)
Noam Chomsky is famous for introducing the term Universal Grammar which means we are born with a set of grammar rules/principles
7)
In linguistics research, we can only measure what is observed known as performance
8)
What we learn at schools on how to speak is known as prescriptive
grammar.
9)
Mutability
is one of the grammar properties, which means that grammars can change over time.
10)
Phones
are speech sounds in isolation while segments
are speech sounds when combined together in a word.
Section B) True/False (5p.):
1)
One of the linguists’ tasks is to prioritize languages in the world in terms of their grammar complexities. False
2)
All languages of the world have grammars. True
3)
When you use the language to teach future perfect progressive tense, you are using the displacement property of the language. False
4)
All languages must be spoken. False
5)
Everybody’s linguistic performance is fixed and not affected by external factors. False
6)
There is a black box in your brain which is genetic and inherited from your parents. No matter where you are born, you can speak your parents’ language with no effort. False
1
7)
Linguists help teachers to set the rules on how to speak a standard language. False
8)
One of the differences between humans and animals is where their larynx is
positioned. True
9)
The word ‘price’ has five segments. False
10)
The distance between vocal folds is called epiglottis. False
Section C) Multiple-choice Questions (2.5p.):
1)
A property of human languages in which they can talk nonsense or lie is called:
a. Displacement
b.
Prevarication
c. Reflexiveness
d. Arbitrariness
2)
A sub-branch of linguistics which explores word meanings is known as:
a. Syntax
b. Pragmatics
c.
Semantics
d. Morphology
3)
Which of the following parts is responsible for the difference between [p] and [b] phones?
a. Lips
b. Velum
c. Tongue
d.
Glottis
4)
The inaccessible knowledge of grammar which is inborn is known as:
a.
Linguistic Competence
b.
Linguistic Performance
c.
Prescriptive Grammar
d.
Descriptive Grammar
5)
All grammars are equal. This is a property of the grammar known as:
a. Universality
b.
Parity
c. Mutability
d. Inaccessability
2
Section D) Labelling the diagram. Look at the figure of the human being’s oral cavity. Give an example of at least one English speech sound produced by each part. You should use correct IPA symbol (2.5p.):
1.
Any type of alveolar consonants is accepted
2.
Any type of bilabial consontants/ no labio-dental sounds are accepted
3.
Any of the interdental consonants
4.
Any type of palatal consonants is accepted
Section E) As a language expert, help the following clients with their problems (4p.):
1)
Nika is 6 years old, and her parents are afraid she cannot pronounce the first segment in words such as ‘throw’ and ‘the’ properly. They are worried if they need to see a speech therapist.
They should mention that as kids might have falling teeth, the kid is not able to produce interdental sounds.
3
5
4
3
2
1
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2)
Michael thinks that the language he has decided to learn is not rich enough.
He wants to learn a language with rich morphology and grammar.
They should mention that languages are equal and they are not ranked in terms of their grammar and morphology.
3)
Natasha was tired last night but she had to do a language test by midnight. She could not get a good grade. Now, she thinks that her language is not good enough.
They should mention that performance is something we can measure which
is affected by external factors such as tiredness. Competence is fixed and non-measurable, though.
4)
Jane and Rafael are worried that their 4-year-old son has a problem in understanding the English language grammar. He produces sentences like ‘I buyed an ice-cream from the store’ and resists against producing ‘bought’ instead of ‘buyed.’
They should mention that our job is not to prescribe people how to speak. Even the child’s production is rule-based.
Section F) In a short paragraph, answer the following questions (10p.):
1)
What are the properties of human being’s language? They should refer to the creativity, arbitrariness, prevarication, displacement, learnability and reflexiveness with a very brief description for each one. Creativity: Human can make sentences they have never heard of.
4
Arbitrariness: The association between words and real-world concepts/objects is random.
Prevarication: human can tell lies and non-sense words
displacement: They can talk about past and future
reflexiveness: they can use the language to talk about the language
learnability: They can learn all varieties of the language. The language is a learnable phenomenon.
2)
What is the difference between linguistic competence and performance?
Competence is language knowledge which is inaccessible/non-measurable.
Performance is what we produce and measured but affected by external factors
3)
What is acoustic phonetics?
The study of physical properties of the sound waves such as frequency, length, etc.
5
4)
What do we mean by ‘manner of articulation’ when describing a consonant?
The airflow in the vocal tract. Any reference to the path of the air in producing consonant is accepted.
Section G) Describe the first segment of each of the words below in terms of their place of articulation (4p.):
1)
Fight labio-dental
2)
Psychology alveolar
3)
Honest glottis
4)
Capable velar
Section H) Write the IPA transcription for the underlined segments in following sentences (6p.): Each correct IPA gets 0.25. They should be with SQUARE brackets. Slashes/backslashes, etc. should be given zero
1)
La
st night, I saw a th
riller mo
vie on televis
ion.
[æ] [
θ]
[u] [
]
ʒ
2)
Th
ere is a close relationsh
ip betwee
n psych
ology and linguistics
.
[ð] [
]
ʃ
[i] [k] [ks]
6
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3)
Python is a programming
language c
ommonly us
ed in data scienc
e.
[ŋ]
[k] [z] [s]
Section I) Find a speech sound which does not belong to other in each set below.
Give a reason in ONLY one or two sentences (5p.):
1)
[k], [
w
], [g], [ŋ]
The place of articulation is different. It is a labiovelar glide. The rest are velar.
2)
[s], [
h
], [z], [ð]
It is glottal. Place of articulation is different.
3)
[
v
], [t], [k], [
∫
¿
It is voiced. The rest are voiceless.
4)
[
u
], [o], [
ʌ
], [
] ə
It is a high vowel. The rest are mid-vowels
Section J) Describe the first segment of the following words in terms of glottal states, place and manner of articulation (6p.):
1) possible
[p]: voiceless bilabial stop
2) university
[j]: voiced palatal glide
3) gnome
[n]: voiced alveolar nasal (Stop)
4) pharmacy
[f]: voiceless labio-dental fricative
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