A2_Key

LING 201 Assignment 2 Due Date: February 10,2023 Name: UCID: Section A) Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word (4.5p.) ( Each 0.25) 1) One of the main objectives of linguistics is to study Language not languages. 2) That we are able to lie is a criterion known as prevarication 3) How a language should be used is what prescriptive grammarians do. 4) Larynx is the first filter above the lungs in human’s vocal tract. 5) Individual speech sounds in isolation are called phones/segments 6) The phonetic representation of sounds are always between square brackets. 7) Glides have properties of both consonants and vowels. 8) [h] and [ʔ] are similar in terms of place of articulation 9) When the vocal folds are apart from each other, we produce voiceless sounds. 10) When a voiceless stop occurs at the beginning of a word, it becomes aspirated 11) Affricates are also called stop-fricatives 12) In nasal consonants, part of the air exits from the nasal cavity/nose 13) When the tone is fixed over a single vowel, it is called level tone. 14) When the following sound changes the property of the previous sound, it is an instance of regressive assimilation 15) In metathesis the order of speech sounds change. 16) Members of a phoneme which do not make a difference in meaning are called allophones 17) When two similar sounds occur in different environments, they have ………………… complimentary …… distribution. 18) To determine if two sounds are contrastive, we should first try to find minimal pairs Section B) True/False (4p.): (Each .25) 1

1) ‘fight’ and ‘write’ are not minimal pairs. False 2) When a lateral comes at the beginning, it becomes velarized. False 3) Phonemes are mental representation of the phones. True 4) In none of the world languages, aspiration is a contrastive feature. False 5) ‘thigh’ has two segments but five letters. True 6) Glides are more sonorous than consonants and can be centre of a syllable. False 7) English does not have a uvular sound. True 8) [f], [ʃ] and [ʒ] are similar in terms of manner of articulation. True 9) The first vowel in ‘university’ is a front vowel. False 10) Intonation is not contrastive in English, but it is in Mandarin. False 11) In epenthesis, a vowel is always added to the word. False 12) An alveolar stop becomes a flap when it comes before a vowel. False 13) Some languages have no grammar. False 14) In sign languages, we use a different modality for communication. True 15) When you use the language to talk about the language, it shows the learnability of the language. False 16) In English, vowels become nasalized after nasal consonants. False Section C) Multiple-choice Questions (4p.) (Each 0.35): 1) Which of the following option is NOT true? a. Displacement is a property of the language which enables human beings to talk about past and future. b. There is no way to measure the linguistic competence, we only observe speakers’ performance and make conclusion about their competence. c. Mutability is a property of grammar which means grammars are always inaccessible. d. Linguists attempt to describe their findings without being biased against speakers’ outputs. 2) The fact that speakers may make mistakes such as “beel warrow” instead of saying “wheel barrow” indicates that: a. Competence can be affected by external factors. b. Speech sounds are stored individually. c. Storing speech sounds is different across individuals. d. There is a metathesis because the order of sounds has changed. 2

10) Which of the following pairs is a minimal pair? a. sight/site b. bought/sought c. prank/slant d. shall/fall 11) The members of a phoneme are called ……………….. a. Allophones b. Allomorphs c. Phones d. Minimal pairs 12) It is necessary for minimal pairs to have …………………… a. different allophones b. different meanings c. different environments d. complementary distribution Section D) Consider the following Medup words (5p.): a. [tolæk] 'crunch' d. [tolæg] 'seek g. [solæk] 'duck' b. [pave] 'current' e. [bara] 'confuse' h. [fave] 'direct' c. [pæve] 'predict' f. [bala] 'simple' i. [balak] 'love' i) List all the minimal pairs in the above data (Each 0.5p) a-d a-g b-h e-f b-c ii) Briefly state the significance of each minimal pair, i.e. what do they tell us about the phonological system of this language? How many distinct phonemes can you find from this set of examples? They should discuss the target sounds in each minimal pair belong to separate phonemes. For example [k] and [g] in (a,d) minimal pair. [k] [g] [t] [s] [p] [f] [r] [l] [a] [æ] [1p for listing the separate phonemes] [1.5p for discussion] 4

Section E) Based on the following dataset from Inuktitut: Do [a] and [i] contrast in Inuktitut? Yes How about [i] and [u]? Yes And [a] and [u]? Yes Discuss your answers (7.5p) (Each 2.5p). a) iɡlumut ‘to a house’ h) pin:a ‘that one up there’ b) ukiaq ‘late fall’ i) ani ‘female’s brother’ c) aiviɡ ‘walrus’ j) iɡlu ‘(snow)house’ d) aniɡuvit ‘if you leave’ k) pan:a ‘that place up there’ e) aɡlu ‘seal breathing hole’ l) aivuq ‘she goes home’ f) iɡlumit ‘from a house’ m) ini ‘place, spot’ g) aniɡavit ‘because you leave’ n) ukiuq ‘winter’ They should find at least one minimal pair and discuss that they different in meaning and only the target sounds are different 5

1) philanthropic [f ɪlænθ’ɹɒpɪk ] (æ must be nasalized/k might be unreleased) 0.5p for correct IPA , 0.5 for nasalization, 0.5 for the stress pattern, 0.25 extra for unreleased k 2) cameraman [ ˈkæmerɒmæn] (both æ must be nasalized/ɒ might be reduced to a schwa) 0.5p for correct IPA, 0.5 for nasalization and 0.5 for stress 3) princess [ ˈpɹɪnsɛs] or [ˈpɹɪnsɪs] (p is aspirated/ r is devoiced) 0.5p for correct IPA, 0.5 for the aspiration, 0.5 for devoicing, 0.25 for stress pattern 4) linguistic [lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk] (some might show n instead of ŋ/ some might show u instead of w/the first vowel is nasalized) 0.5p for the correct IPA, 0.5p for the correct stress pattern, 0.5p for the nasalization of the first vowel Section H) Find a speech sound which does not belong to other in each set below. Give a reason in ONLY one or two sentences (4p.): 1) [ f ], [p], [g], [t] Manner of articulation is different 2) [m], [n], [ ŋ ], [ b ] It is not nasal 3) [s], [ z ], [f], [ ∫ ¿ It is voiced 4) [ i ], [u], [ a ], [ o] It is front 7

Section I) Describe the first segment of the following words in terms of phonetic properties (5p.): 1) syncope voiceless alveolar fricative 2) hour Low mid rounded diphthong 3) white voiced labiovelar glide 4) kaleidoscope voiceless velar stop 5) Halloween Voiceless glottal fricative 8