Chapter 1 of the Potter
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Chapter 1 of the Potter & Humiston text - Types of Organizations and Origins of Modern
Criminal Justice Institutions
1)
Describe the issue of "interest" in distinguishing organizations and their relationship to consensus and conflict approaches in criminology and criminal justice.
-describes interests as “predispositions embracing goals, values, desires, expectations, and other orientations and inclinations that lead a person to act in one way rather than another.”
-It is customary to divide criminal justice/criminological theories into “consensus” versus “conflict” approaches according to whose interests are served by the criminal justice system (CJS)
-The key difference between consensus and conflict approaches when it comes to “interest” is “whose interests?”
” Those associated with the consensus approach argue that the interests of the whole society are represented by CJOs. Those associated with conflict approaches see the interests of a range of groups and classes being represented by CJOs
2)
Define organizations and formal organizations.
1)
Organizations can be defined as “social structures created by individuals to support the collaborative pursuit of specified goals.”
2) Formal organizations are the juristic or “artificial structure[s] created to coordinate either people or groups and resources to achieve a mission or goal.” 3)
Identify, describe, and analyze the different types of formal organizations.
Formal organizations may be grouped into three broad categories: for- profits, non- profits, and government
4)
Describe educational organizations and how they may work with criminal justice organizations; and,
-for- profit is a business created to generate profits for owners (Beatty & Samuelson, 1996).
The simplest for- profit is a sole proprietorship which is owned by a single person.
A business association “is a device through which individuals or entities conduct business” (Shade, 2010, p. 1)
Partnerships vary in type according to whether the partnership is an independent legal entity (separate from its owners) and the degree of owner liability.
The first of these, the general partnership (“GP”), is defined as “an association of two or more persons to carry on as co- owners of a business for profit” (p. 40). It is like a sole proprietorship in that a GP is “unincorporated.”
The second common type of partnership is a limited partnership (“LP”) which contains two classes of partners.
The third type of partnership is the limited liability partnership (“LLP”) which is “a subset of a general partnership that permits general partners to limit their liability.
Corporations are the second major category of for- profits. They are different from partnerships in that corporations are legally separate from their owners (Shade, 2010).
A final type of for- profit organization is the limited liability company or LLC
5)
Describe the methods of investigating non-government organizations and government organizations.
They are distinctively different from numerous types of tax- exempt organizations which are allowed to generate funds without paying taxes (Taylor, 2011).
Non-profits are organizations formed for the common good or to further a social cause; therefore
income is used to keep the organization operating. They are typically created to operate for “religious, charitable, scientific, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals” (p. 11)
Faith- based organizations (FBOs) are non- profits organized for religious purposes. Non- faith- based organizations ( non- FBOs) are secular non- profit organizations created for purposes that may be charitable, scientific, educational, or political. Non- governmental organizations (NGOs) is a term commonly applied to service, professional, and occupational associations that may not fall under one of the § 501(c) categories.
The government is a federal, state, or local agency or office, elected or appointed, with the authority to administer government functions.
Accordingly, criminal justice organizations (CJOs) are entities possessing the government’s authority to use force against citizens in the primary areas of police, courts, and corrections.
In comparison to CJOs, non- criminal justice organizations (non CJOs) are government entities tasked with administering government functions that are not included in the criminal justice system of police, courts, or corrections.
. In general, education organizations are created for the purposes of education, and they are diverse in that they fall under all three broad categories of for- profit, non- profit, and government.
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