Legal Solution for Dispute Resolution, ddln- 4th-1 (2)

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11 Legal Solutions For Dispute Resolution
Introduction Corporate law or Company law is basically legal practices related to corporations or enterprises; this is the definition of corporate law in a most simplified manner. The rights, relations, and conduct of an enterprise or the employees working in it can be governed through company law. Corporate laws and their implementation are different for local and international companies. International laws then come onto the path of general corporate law. When it comes to corporate law and its implementation, there can be seen so many different types of companies like Corporations, Limited companies, limited partnerships, and profit or non-profit organisations for every single type of company the laws implemented are different. Here in the case study three of the companies and their employees facing trouble have been discussed, of which most of the cases are an example of competitive legislation of corporate law. Analysis of the case studies These are basically stimulating the competition legislation (Tan et al, 2021). Uk companies are based on incorporation policy, that grants companies limited legal personalities, in UK based company's board of directors are liable to maintain the company laws. These companies can enter the contracts and they can sue others or they themselves can be sued. Here in the case study legal solutions for disputed resolutions will be addressed. All the companies taken into account are the locals from the UK. UK companies operate in dual track, that is used to resolve the issues between shareholders, and another is section 116, of the Companies Act 1985, this one is basically the rule book accepted in UK. Here three case study has analysed in terms of several branches of corporate law. Case 1: Analysis and application of employment laws According to Shapira, 2020 corporate law is ruling the business world since mid 2010 and corporate governance is taking care of all the judicial scenario of the business world like transactions, accountability business behaviour, registration of the company, invitation of shareholders, even day to day business operation and many more subtle things that were not paid any attention before. The responsibility of business law is to provide legal solutions to business owners simultaneously it protects the market abuse and the responsibilities of the board of directors of a company. Legal formations of each case
In the case a particular employee was appointed on a contract basis where the company, Orange computer promised to pay him extra commission other than his monthly salary. Once in 2015 when the company was going through hardship, on a request of company’s manager he was ready to forego his salary for the consecutive three years and when the company was back in shape, in 2017, from the employer’s end there was no initiative to pay his dues. Then Gordon, the employee thought of legal assistance. Suggest an appropriate legal solution to each of the problems mentioned in the cases Now in the scenario employment law is to be considered to protect the employee’s right. It is a means of protecting workers from unfair treatment. Though breach of the law is a common practice in the business sector—akin to industry norms or ‘custom and practice’—it considers these breaches as an example of conflict between formal legal rules and social norms. Employment law covers up the contract of health and safety at work, protection against discrimination, dismissal and redundancy. The basic relationship between employer and employee lies on the employment contract or contract of service (The learning module given). Under which the employee is promised to get proper payment along with sick pay and deduction in income tax. In the case considered over here first of all the employee right has been snatched for consecutive three long years and it is a breach of contract (Ioannou & Duke,2021). Provide justification for the advice and solution given; UK prepared its separate Trade Union law, as per Freedland & Dhorajiwala, 2019, employees are different than the workers in English Trade Union Law. As per Employment Rights Act (ERA), 1996 there should be no term inconsistent with employee status. That is violated over here. Another lawsuit can be done with respect to the contract law. Contracts can be made informally, it might be oral and, in some cases, neither written nor oral contract is necessary. In common law promise cannot have the same weightage as written contracts. In this case there was no such contract paper signed while forcing the employee, Gordon to forego his salary. Hence that can not be a charge against the employer, Orange Computer as per British contract law. Compare & contrast the effectiveness of these recommendations given in your presentation;
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Critically and evaluate the use of the appropriate legal solutions suggested in comparison with alternative legal advice. 14 Case 2: Analysis and application of employment laws According to Shapira, 2020 corporate law is ruling the business world since mid 2010 and corporate governance is taking care of all the judicial scenario of the business world like transactions, accountability business behaviour, registration of the company, invitation of shareholders, even day to day business operation and many more subtle things that were not paid any attention before. The responsibility of business law is to provide legal solutions to business owners simultaneously it protects the market abuse and the responsibilities of the board of directors of a company. Legal formations of each case In the second case a person, Janet has been communicated to the Virgin Media for internet and phone calls. The engineer installed the gadget on the scheduled date time but the connection he left unfinished due to absence of telephone point on the switchboard. The reason shown was very trivial though the higher authority after getting the complaint did not respond quickly and the problem resolved after almost 3 weeks, but surprising Janet the bill for the phone line she received was charged since internet was connected. Suggest an appropriate legal solution to each of the problems mentioned in the cases Here it is a clean and clear Breach of Contract . As per the United Kingdom Company Law in ordinary commercial transactions, there is a presumption that the parties intended to create legal relations, who asserts that no legal effect was intended, and the onus is a heavy one. According to Martin, Cristina & Mimi,2022, the indulgence of artificial technology in contract law has been affecting its key principles. In this case also the contract was verbal, and the billing system was under control of AI technology, and AI techniques is expected to hamper the formation or rearrangements in contracts if not entered the data accurately. Once Virgin Media was delaying solving the problem, what may the reason was, it should have been entered into the software, otherwise it can be charged at Forgery. Contract fraud occurs when a person knowingly makes a false statement in order to have someone else agree to a
contract. It may come under Negligent Misinterpretation or Fraudulent Misinterpretation. The company must folow the promised service which may come under breach of contract but once goes under Fraudulent Misrepresentation, it can not be misinterpret with Phishing. Provide justification for the advice and solution given; According to the Fraud Act, 2006, the UK government defines Fraud by false representation (1)A person is in breach of this section if he—(a) dishonestly makes a false representation, and (b)intends, by making the representation—(i) to make a gain for himself or another, or (ii)to cause loss to another or to expose another to a risk of loss. The maximum penalty for offences under Sections 1, 7 and 9 and is 12 months' imprisonment on summary conviction and 10 years' imprisonment on conviction on indictment . Section 10 of the Act increases the maximum penalty for offences contrary to Section 458 of the Companies Act 1985 to 10 years' imprisonment. The maximum penalty for an offence under Sections 6 and 11 is 12 months' imprisonment on summary conviction and 5 years' imprisonment on conviction on indictment. Compare & contrast the effectiveness of these recommendations given in your presentation; Critically and evaluate the use of the appropriate legal solutions suggested in comparison with alternative legal advice. Case 3: Analysis and application of employment laws According to Shapira, 2020 corporate law is ruling the business world since mid 2010 and corporate governance is taking care of all the judicial scenario of the business world like transactions, accountability business behaviour, registration of the company, invitation of shareholders, even day to day business operation and many more subtle things that were not paid any attention before. The responsibility of business law is to provide legal solutions to business owners simultaneously it protects the market abuse and the responsibilities of the board of directors of a company. Legal formations of each case
The third case is quite different than the other two. Here a security company is considered with 50 employees and the overhead cost is minimal out there and one of its four prime customers left Blackhorse security agency with a bad debt of 1Lac Euro. As a result, the due dates are getting stretched for the other creditors, and one of them filed a wind-up petition in the court which is under trial. Suggest an appropriate legal solution to each of the problems mentioned in the cases The buying and non-buying customers are protected by the Law of Tort that is applicable over here. (The manual provided). Actually, the creditor has been filed the petition under Consumer Protection Act (CPA),1987 . The claimant has filed a charge against Breach of Duty, and this is the case where the security agency might be in trouble though it was not their fault. The bad debt of one of the creditors has been spread through ten stakeholders. It will be tough to get proper support on behalf of them. Only if the agency can prove that there was no Consequential Damage due to the bad debt incurred then they may get a stay order on winding up petition. From the creditors side it is quite relevant to file the case, the large amount though recovered. When one party to a valid contract is not complying with a particular term, its conduct may amount to a breach. When a breach of contract occurs, the innocent party is entitled to bring a claim in relation to the breach and seek compensation usually in the form of damages. Provide justification for the advice and solution given; Under English law, a Breach of Contract does not automatically entitle the non-breaching party to terminate the contract. A repudiatory breach, however, is a breach of contract that allows the non-breaching party to treat the contract as being at an end. The most common example of a repudiatory breach is a breach of condition (although a fundamental breach of an innominate term may also be a repudiatory breach) that allows the non-breaching party to terminate the contract and claim damages, regardless of what the consequences of the breach are. Here in this case only the client will face a great troubl unless and untill they cant take a stay order. 1 lac Euro is not a less amount to forego, and of course once recovered every stakeholder has every right to get their proportion so, the recovery amount whether to be distributed among the 4 early creditors or all the 10 creditors that is to be decided. The principles of remoteness are given in Hadley vBaxendale ([1854] 9 Exch. 341) and provide that thefollowing losses are recoverable:
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All loss which flows naturally from the breach. All loss which was in the contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was made as a probable result of the breach. There is a measure of damage to calculate the exact amount of damage. There are many other types of loss that have been claimed by innocent parties. Damages for disappointment or mental distress are not generally awarded (Addis v Gramophone Co. Ltd [1909]AC 488 ) unless the contract is, for example, a holiday contract (Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd [1973] 1 QB 233) . Here the creditor may charge the damage of disappointment too, and that too may go against the client. Compare & contrast the effectiveness of these recommendations given in your presentation; Critically and evaluate the use of the appropriate legal solutions suggested in comparison with alternative legal advice 15 Recomme ndation 500 Conclusion 150 Tan, L., Sun, J., Sundarasekar, R. and Prethi, K.A., 2021. Competition Laws and Regulations For a Digital Industry Platform. https://vakilsearch.com/blog/analysis-of-corporate-laws-in-usa-uk-and uae/#:~:text=UK%20company%20law%20is%20based,accordance%20with%20the %20company%20law Shapira, R., 2020. Corporate Law, Retooled: How Books and Records Revamped Judicial Oversight. Cardozo L. Rev. , 42 , p.1949.. The reference book provided
Ioannou, G. and Dukes, R., 2021. Anything goes? Exploring the limits of employment law in UK hospitality and catering. Industrial Relations Journal , 52 (3), pp.255-269. 16 Freedland, M. and Dhorajiwala, H., 2019. UK response to new trade Union strategies for new forms of employment. European Labour Law Journal , 10 (3), pp.281-290. http://www.a4id.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/A4ID-english-contract-law-at-a-glance.pdf Martin, E., Cristina, P. and Mimi, Z., 2022. Contracting and Contract Law in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/what-is-contract- fraud.html https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/35/section/2#:~:text=2Fraud%20by%20false %20representation &text=(ii)to%20cause%20loss%20to,to%20a%20risk%20of %20loss.&text=(b)the%20person%20making%2 0it,might%20be%2C%20untrue%20or %20misleading.&text=(b)any%20other%20person.,may%20be%20ex press%20or %20implied . https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=20626016-2f7e-433a-818e 912437f322c1#:~:text=When%20one%20party%20to%20a,in%20the%20form%20of %20damages.