SOC 3740 global corruption student doc
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Sept 8 Expectations ●
For the teacher: ○
Respond to questions and aid those who need it ●
For the student ○
Be able to read and make sense of the notes, come to your own conclusions Sept 13
Airbus article
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Tldr, if you are rich you can get away with crimes by paying for it, settlements and bribes
SNC-lavalin case
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They were supposed to be prosecuted but ended up bribing a few million dollars to get away with it. Out of court settlements The disparity between rich and poor criminal cases
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Poor people have a significantly harder time getting away with crimes and often deal with harsher consequences than the rich
Whistleblower documentary -
The system that hold up banks and public officials has been set up in such a way that it is illegal to call out any crimes that are being committed by the company
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Private information being brought to light, while still technically illegal, is still the right thing to do
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Those who are “whistleblowers” put everything on the line to show the misuse of power and the leverage of money use by giant corporations and political parties whose interests align
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Corporate and state crime often goes unpunished
Corruption according to Soreide, 2014
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How individuals entrusted with authority make decisions on behalf of an organization and misuse their position for personal gain
Different forms of corruption
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Crony capitalism
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Business success is tied to close relationships between business people, government officials and politicians. It comes with favoritism in distributing legal permits, contracts, government grants, special tax breaks and forms of state intervention
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Ex: in the US, market makers and hedge funds cut deals with government subsidies like the SEC to work around illicit activities and bury evidence of their corruption.
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Embezzlement: Stealing state funds
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Ex: Enron: CEO embezzled $11 billion from the company by misrepresenting earning reports, a fake energy crisis and embezzling of retirement funds. Shareholders lost up to $74 billion and CEO Jeff Skilling was imprisoned in federal prison for 24 years
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Extortion or extortive corruption
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Service providers or government officials / institutions demand bribes (or unauthorized payment) in exchange for a particular service, permit, license or approval for something that should otherwise be provided free or offered at low cost
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Also, it can indicate a bribe demanded in exchange for the opportunity to avoid an underserved disadvantaged, such as paying a fine even though no offense has been committed
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Ex: holding someones phone hostage unless the give you USD 11 billion -
Collusive -
Two parties agree to do something illegal, both parties benefit and normally keep
it very quiet. Both parties asses at the same time
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Kick back
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Secret payments to a buyer or seller who provided a contract or facilitates a transaction or appointment unlawfully
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Typically after the fact, but basically a bribe
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It can also indicate a situation where a supervisor or the boss “takes a portion of a workers wage in return for a certain benefit, as when a supervisor arranged for a worker to get a job”
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Kleptocracy -
Using a governmental position to help yourself and allies to your personal cause. The term is associated with substantial embezzlement and unfair allocation of state funds and contracts. (soreide, 2014, p2.)
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EX: Dictator or a corrupt official who embezzled money to help his own company or personal goals
Sept 15 (cont’ with corruption)
-
-
Queue corruption -
Bribes offered to secure a better position in the waiting list. It results in unfair allocation of rights, including access to health services
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Regulatory capture
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According to soreide (2014, p. 4) “an act of advancing the commercial or other special concerns of a particular interest group by a regulatory agency with regulating the industry or sector within which that interest group operates”
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In politics, regulatory capture is a form of corruption of authority that occurs when
a political entity, policymaker, or regulator is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group.
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State capture
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A form of political corruption in which a private interest significantly influences a state's decision-making processes to gain an advantage through illicit and non obvious channels. Although similar to regulatory capture, it differs because of the
wider variety of bodies through which it can be exercised
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Every part of the government is used
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Systemic corruption
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It is when corruption becomes “so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society… when the consequences of working against corruption are too high for individuals, and even managers in government institutions, they adapt rather than react to the situation”
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Corruption has been so normalized in the structure that it doesn't make sense to try and change it. The cons by far outweigh the pros
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Collective action problem
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Tender corruption (or p/rocurement corruption)
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It occurs when bribes are given to “influence the outcome of competition for public procurement contracts. Bribery involved in governmental contracting is not
associated exclusively with bidding; it can also take place at the planning/budgeting stage or agreed to before the tender and later combines with renegotiated contracts or flawed quality control”
-
The term tender refers to an invitation to bid for a project
. Tendering usually refers to the process whereby governments and financial institutions invite bids for large projects that must be submitted within a finite deadline. The word tender can also refer to the acceptance of a formal offer, such as a takeover bid.
-
Continued acceptance of poor quality goods,
works or services
. Corruption. Delivery of poor quality goods, works or services.
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(prevention)Measures put in place to deter state admins and industries from being corrupt.
(disclosure, having someone find out and report corruption [ex: whistleblowers])We should have processes in place to help people to expose corruption and protect the people who do so.
____________________________________________________________________________
Watchdogs: those who may be watching over corruption may be corrupt themselves
Academic corruption
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When an individual illicitly puts personal interests above those of the people, and ideals they pledge to serve
Petty corruption
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The amount of corruption used is small
Grand corruption
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Large amounts of corruption
Classifying corruption
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Political -
Public sector
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Private sector
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Media corruption
Can also be described as individual and institutional (Newhouse., 2014)
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Institutional is the unintended by-products of legitimate incentives such as positive media
attention, legal campaign, and ultimately electoral success. It's the institute's failure to act on the public's behalf due to its dysfunctional incentive structures.
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If an officer need to take a bribe to perform official duties, still institutional corruption
Institutional corruption -
Emphasis is on institutional practices that can resort in the public official or the office that
may be compromised
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Entails all “influences that implicitly or purposely serve to distort the independence of a professional in a position of trust”
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Ex: Lobbying and campaign donations are legal, they ten to compromise the independence of the recipients holding public offices
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Institutional routines that violate public trust can be referred to as “institutional corruption”
Individual corruption
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The individual sidesteps the guidelines while performing mandated duties
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Indiv relies on only the one person doing a corrupt action, with individual choices for private gain or the gain of a third party
Four categories of institutional corruption (Newhouse, 2014, p. 553)
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Breaches of fiduciary (
involving trust, especially with regard to the relationship between a trustee and a beneficiary, Oxford.
) duty,
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Fraud or otherwise unfair commercial practices
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Destructive firm behaviour, and
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Mistake, inefficiency, or incompetence” Conclusions
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No universal consensus on the meaning of corruption, in many cases local contexts are required
Class #4 September 20 th
Understanding Corruption
Learning Objectives
1. Explain corruption;
2. Differentiate between individual and institutional corruption; and
3. Mention and explain different forms of corruption with specific examples.
Defining Corruption
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Corruption is generally defined as a misuse of power to serve private ends
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But what form of abuse of power can be termed “corruption”?
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The point is that what is corruption and what is not depends on specific local contexts.
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For example, Klitgaard (1991) argues that corruption
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“Can entail acts of omission; can involve illicit or licit services… The
boundaries of corruption are hard to define and depend on local laws
and customs”
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Hence, there is no single universally accepted definition
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Varying legal and academic definitions exist.
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For example, Brooks (1970, p. 58) views corruption as “the intentional misperformance or neglect of a recognized duty, or the unwarranted exercise of power, with the motive of
gaining some advantage, more or less personal.”
(there are many ways to define corruption, you will have to identify which
definition YOU feel as though describes corruption best)
- For Cockcroft (2014, p. 2) corruption “involves acquisition of money, assets
or power in a way which escapes the public view; is usually illegal; and is at
the expense of society as a whole either at a grand or everyday level.”
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Official corruption: Although corruption is mostly illegal, “there are also
forms of corruption that are technically legal, but which most of society
regards as corrupt” (Cockroft, 2014, p.3).
Motives for corruption can be entwined:
Motives can vary, but corruption usually has something to do with personal
enrichment.
- Personal enrichment
- Achieving or retaining political power, which can also be abused to ensure
personal enrichment.
Academic Definitions
Example:
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Corruption occurs “when an individual illicitly puts personal interest above
those of the people, and ideals he or she is pledged to serve” (Klitgaard,
1991, p. xi).
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Activity 1 – hypothetical situation:
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In 2010, Mr. Paladi, a district chief executive, was given $500,000 to run the HIV/AIDS campaign. Three years later, an audit report and further investigations show that Mr. Paladi used only $100,000 for the campaign and the remainder for buying himself a magnificent mansion.
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Is this case an example of corruption and why? (Embezzlement)
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Well, what does the local /national law define as corruption?
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Legal definitions may be limited in scope.
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In some cases, the law sanctions corruption – hence the term “official” corruption.
Classifying corruption
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Corruption can be described as petty (trivial) and grand (monumental)
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Other forms/classifications may include political corruption, public-sector corruption, private sector corruption, media corruption, etc.
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Corruption can also be described as individual and institutional
Individual and Institutional Corruption
Newhouse (2014) differentiates between individual and institutional corruption:
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Whereas private gain motivates perpetrators of individual corruption,
institutional corruption is the unintended by-product of legitimate incentives
such as positive media attention, legal campaign contributions, and
ultimately electoral success.
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Whereas individual corruption consists of individuals’ choices to violate
their duty to act solely on the public’s behalf, institutional corruption is the
institution’s failure to act on the public’s behalf due to its dysfunctional
incentive structures. (p. 561)
Individual Corruption
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Occurs if role-bearers illegally sidestep the institutional procedures and
regulations when performing their mandated duties for their private interests
or that of a third party.
Institutional Corruption
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It entails all [embedded organizational/institutional] “influences that
implicitly or purposely serve to distort the independence of a professional
in a position of trust” (Gray, 2013, p. 533).
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E.g., although lobbying and campaign donations are legal, they tend to
compromise the independence of the recipients holding public offices.
Four Categories of institutional corruption:**** (Test)
(1) “Breaches of fiduciary duty,
(2) Fraud or otherwise unfair commercial practices,
(3) Destructive firm behaviour, and
(4) Mistake or inefficiency, or incompetence” (Newhouse, 2014, p. 553).
Individual corruption
- It occurs if individuals use their positions of authority/power to promote
private agendas against the ideals for which they are supposed to advance.
Institutional corruption
- Licit and illicit practices, procedures, norms, conventions, professional
activities, routines, or policies that violate public trust or weaken the
organization’s ability to achieve its legitimate purpose.
Reflections on Documentaries
*Breaking The Law: Dirty Cops (Crime Documentary) Real Stories (Watch)
>What are your reflections/thoughts on this documentary?
*Gangster With a Badge (Watch)
&;What does this documentary tell us?
A Prison Officer Smuggling Drugs and Phones Into Prison
____________________________
Defining corruption- misuse of power to serve private interests, abuse of power
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What is corrupt and what is not depends of local contexts -
Some things that are corrupt in Canada may not be corrupt in other countries. Largely based on laws and national customs
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Sept 22
Thoughts on the documentaries…
Consequences of a corrupt CJS
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Decrease in trust in the system, police are less effective with no interaction with the community
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People may not want to confide in police
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Encourage criminal behaviour, increase in crime
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Criminals know that they may be able to get away with some crimes if the CJS is corrupt
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Police themselves can plant evidence to push the blame of a crime to someone else
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Leaniencies of corrupt police vs common criminals
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CJS may cover up/change the narrative of crimes done by corrupt cops to “save face” (institutional)
Prison officer smuggling
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Was it corrupt for the lady to help the prisoner? → Yes
, she had power in the prison
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Could argue that it may be crony corruption, ion the way that the officer was playing favorites
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She would be in a position of power since she is a member of state with specific rights and responsibilities. Without being a prison officer, she would not be able to help her boyfriend
Think of power and privileges in a broad manner
1)
What forms of corruption were present in the documentaries?
2) Based on the reading and documentaries, why do people engage in corruption?
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Always based on one's personal needs, female prison officer trying to get her boyfriend out was a personal need even if it's for someone else
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Maybe after a while, the personal motivation goes away but it is hard to stop doing what you’re doing. In the first documentary, the man knew that he shouldn’t
write himself into the will of the old lady but he was in debt so he wanted to get the money to pay his debt off
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In the smuggling documentary, the prison officer started to do it out of sympathy for the inmate who wanted a phone to call his sick dad. After the first time, he continued to do it because he “got addicted to the money”
3) In the CJS, what are the possible consequences for society based on the documentaries watched? State and briefly explain any two consequences.
Indiv corruption
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An individual who holds power chooses to breach their role to aid the public to aid private agendas
Institutional corruption
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When the institution fails to aid the public as a result of its defective system
Sept 27
Chapter 2
The corrosive Power of corruption
Media can change the dynamics for both sides of corruption, the perpetrators and the victims or whistle-blowers
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Deception tactics and propaganda can sway public opinion on many things that are corrupt
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Social media can make it easier to spread information that can then be used to take action against corrupt institutions
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Can be a double edged sword, exposes those who are coming out against the institutions
Cockcroft (2014) uses specific case studies
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Nigeria, Peru, Indonesia, Russia, China, Mexico
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Take not of the key architects (fixers and beneficiaries) and those bought/ co-
opted to provide cover ups
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Police officials and law enforcement, political regulators
Brazil - political financing issues
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Paulo Cesar Faris (PC) was the fundraiser for Fernando Collor de Mallo
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He raised $100 million for campaign financing, helping Fernando come to power
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He raised $60million for business purposes and became a financial fixer for Fernando
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PC, using his connection to the president Fernando, was able to build nearly $1 billion USD using 9 separate companies based in US, Europe, and the Caribbean
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Both PC and Fernando made financial gains from being corrupt
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Fernando was impeached because he was obtaining illicit financial gain both as bank deposits and material goods and services, so he left the country with his wife
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PC also left the country to try and escape but was caught and arrested, returned to Brazil and convicted
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Given 11 years but was reduced to less than 2 years, and was given freedoms like seeing and moving around with his girlfriend. Both were then later murdered
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He was also able to use the money that he had before he was incarcerated while he was in prison
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PC’s brother inherited his fortune and several companies as a “family inheritance”
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Fernando later returned to Brazil and re-entered politics after serving a ban of 8 years
Lack of transparency in political financing is a major problem in not only brazil but also in most democratic countries
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Financier gives money to political party
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Political party kicks out the financier
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Financier takes the political party to court
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Political party needs to pay back the financier with
public funds
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Money that could've been used to maintain infrastructure
Political financing contributes to both individual and institutional corruption
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Neither party wants the public to know where the money comes from/where it goes
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For both parties their actions are better off hidden from the public
Nigeria
Nigeria is characterized by its corruption
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General Ibrahim Babangida who ruled the country for 7 years had $12 billion USD in secret accounts that he controlled
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Those in the government are also corrupt and had more money tucked away
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He planned to hand over power to elected politician that would favor his network of northerners, so Moshood Abiola, a sounterner business tycoon who won the election in 1993, was not allowed to take power
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Moshood was poisoned by Ibrahims conspirators to keep him from power
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Another example is General Sani Abachi who took office - Abachi and his government were also very corrupt - a typical case was the investment in liquified natural gas (LNG) that involved multinational companies, independent lawyers and government ministers
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The actors involved in this case are a wide range of different people (multinational)
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Secret transfers of money used to maintain the corrupt structure, from local sources and international sources
Read chapter 2 by thursday
From the readings….
1)Is there any pattern of the nature of crimes committed?
2)Is there a pattern regarding the kinds of actors involved in the commission of corruption?
3)Is there a pattern in the strategies/methods/tactics used for corruption, to gain money or power?
Sept 29
Peru
Alberto Fujimori was the president from 1990 to 2000, came to power by promising to address endemic corruption, but didn’t do anything
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Instead he perpetuated corruption on and even larger scale
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For ex: Vldimiro Montesinos (veteran military intel, and secretive fixer),
Fujimori received a campaign contribution of $1 million USD from Pablo Escobar, -
Actors involved: military, secret service, Pablo Escobar's Cartel, government forces
-
After assuming office, Alberto and Montesinos raise money from arms dealing, privatization of state resources (taking resources from the government at a very reduced
price, like state owned mines)
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All to contribute to the private agenda of Fujimori and Montesinos
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Monesinos diverted public funds to serve private interests, for ex: $40 million USD per year for in 1991-1992 for the joint US
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In April 2009, Fujimori was sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering military death squads to engage in killings and kidnappings during his presidency. (Montesino oversaw
everything as chief of military intelligence)
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Fujimori was found guilty of transferring millions of dollars of state funds to Montesinos during his presidency and was given and additional 7 years in prison -
ex-Peruvian spy chief Montesori was also arrested, tried and convicted Grand corruption: high level officials of the state
Indonesia
Haji Mohammad Suharto seized power and ruled indonesia from 1967 to 1998 (resigned under public pressure)
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3 decade long rule, Suharto and his family built a large fortune estimated at $15 billion
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His 6 children owned and controlled major assets and investments from shipping to TV stations, toll roads, banking, airlines, and mobile phone infrastructure in the country
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Suharto's political party, Golkar, ensured his consecutive electoral victories for his 3 decade long reign -
Deals that helped finance his party
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Used fund from forestry, banking and power sectors to bribe and maintain his power
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Because of political resolve, institutional reforms and the creation of Corruption Eradication Commision (KPK) and a new investigative bureau (Tipikor), some cases have been prosecuted successfully from 2004 - 2010
-
Corrupt network that Suharto built is still believed to be influential in many sectors of indonesia
Privatization -
The transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control. Ie: state funds that should be use for the public being used for private means
If there is someone corrupt in power, the society that they rule will suffer as well as the global infrastructure that it may be a part of. -
Not just developed countries but developing countries have corruption too, in every society there will be corruption
Take away
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Corruption can have damaging consequences for the victims and the perpetrators
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Especially on the international market, corrupt officials in medicine for example may take bribes to push out ineffective medicine to the population of their own society as well as others
-
Damaging consequences must be encouraged everyone to abstain from corruption and to help get rid of it
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Political financing undermines accountable government, resulting in individual and institutional corruption
-
Main contributors to institutional corruption -
Indonesia, Nigeria and Peru case studies, corruption is driven by political survival and personal enrichment
-
Mexico case study, shows that drug cartels are able to buy political support enabling them to continue business
Actors involved: -
Government officials
-
Military and law enforcement agencies
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Local and international corporations
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As long as there is profits to be made, the main actors do not care
Test info
-
Memorize names of the perpetrators from the case studies (chapter 2)
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Key events, what they did, who was included
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Some examples that relate to different types of corruption
-
Documentaries and articles are examples
Oct 4
Secret trades -
Explain the nature of secret trades with international linkages
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Discuss the role of globalization, organized criminal networks and politicians or top government officials in secret trade
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How it may facilitate corruption
The powerful elite
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Politicians and industry leaders who claim to be anti-corruption or promise to make great
changes to the system routinely fall into the pockets of big business
-
Corruption is a feature of our society's modern globalization efforts and is not solely a localized phenomenon of a few actors. -
Not only in one country, money transfers from offshore accounts and private industries that can hide money -
In all cases, there is a clear pattern between corruption and politics. Mainly including the association with political survival and personal enrichment
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Globalization, secret trades, and global corruption
Demand and market for:
-
Natural resources:
oil, colton, gold, diamond, timber, etc.
-
Charles Taylor and “Blood diamond” - the case of Sierra Leone
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Coltan: used for circuit boards in phones and computers ($100 per 1kg)
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Drug trafficking:
flow of cocaine into the US, ($60-$100 billion/year) produced in countries as mexico, columbia, jamaica and afghanistan
-
In some cases government officials are involved, secret exchange of foriegn goods (gold for cocaine)
-
International structure is already formed, from jamaica to libya, then money paid goes into offshore accounts -
Both have international partnerships and are ankle operated. There is someone in the country that is being smuggled into that is corrupt and trying to keep things hidden
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Ex: Tajikistan's president is accused of centralizing drug-trafficking routes and to ensure that few cases ever got to court (cockcroft,2014 p.54)
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Human trafficking and illegal trade in human parts from both live and dead people. (30 million women and children were secretly trafficked in southeast Asia)
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People being trafficked into countries and being sold into the sex trade, harvested for human parts, sold as slaves
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Arms trafficking
: ending in the hand of non-governmental militia groups
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When in war time, there are black markets created for weapon manufacturers to sell to those who want to instigate or defend themselves from violence
-
Manufacturers sell arms to third parties to progress their personal agendas
The hallmark of organized crime networks (mafias or criminal gangs) is their willingness to break the law and use violence, and particularly murder as a basis for their establishing their economic power
-
As a common strength the organized crime networks use both “legitimate and illegitimate channels to hide and secure their wealth” (cockcroft, 2014. p54)
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Charging ransoms, payments go into offshore accounts, use lawyers to hide activity. Taking advantage of legitimate means to hide wealth
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Take advantage of the increase of offshore centers and other security jurisdictions, showing one of the ways that globalization facilitates secret trades
Do developed countries play a role in the commission of illegal goods?
-
Yes! They make it “legal” and then turn around and say that they want to fight it
Struggles of resources and political power/influence
-
Libyan military leader (Muammar Gadaffi) wanted to advance human rights, but was killed which led to 2 major actors fighting for power:
-
United nations-recognised government of national accord (GNA), based in tripoli supported by Turkey
-
Khalifa Haftar’s self styled Libyan National Army (LNA) supported in secret by France, Russia, and Egypt -
They are there for the resources, they don’t care about human rights
-
In the proces, the libyan arms embargo instituted by the UN was not fully respected because some international powers sought to protect their individual interests regardless
of the consequences of the Libyan people
-
It's hard to bring these powerful countries because of their already established power (like Russia vs Ukraine, Russia already has global super power)
Governments, global corruption and organized crime
-
Collapse of governments create opportunities for organized criminal networks (like somali pirates in the indian ocean), dishonest corporations, and non-patriotic politicians/top government figures to collaborate in commission of crimes
-
The government in Somali is weak and corrupt, and the pirates often get off scot free
-
If there was a strong government in Somali, there could be efforts to stop the pirates
-
With the presence of a strong government, corruption and organized crime can thrive because of the links between organized crime, corporations and dishonest top government officials -
In some cases, independent organizations of criminal networks can buy government influence or install their allies in government positions
-
TLDR, some of these organized criminal networks have ties to individuals in government
and in some cases, they have taken over the majority of the government In russia, the long-serving mayor of Moscow, Yuri Luzhkov was widely believed to have ties with
criminal gangs, allowing them to enjoy state protection and operate often with impunity
Conclusion -
Organized criminal networks use both legitimate and illegitimate means to secure wealth
and power
-
It is difficult to fight something that is “legal” cause they may have lawyers to protect them
-
Corrupt officials and criminal gangs work together, with political support the crime
gangs can have protection from authorities
-
Collapse of governments also create opportunities for organized crime to thrive
-
Globalization has created the demand/market for secret trades (legal or illegal goods) as
in illegal arms sale, human and drug trafficking and natural resources that are in demand
-
Since there is a market to be served, corrupt individuals try to trade these goods, by any means necessary Start of material for test 2
Oct 6
October 20 class
For the Confucian tradition , the contract between the state and the citizen can be ended if the prince (or the ruler) acts corruptly
In the Islamic tradition corruption is not permitted with or outside of the government
For example caliph umar ibn abd al-aziz ruled : I am of the view that the ruler should not
trad. It is also not lawful for the officer to traded in the area of this office because when he involves himself in trade, he inadvertently misuses his office in his interest and to the
detriment of others , even if he does not like to do so Examples of how corruption was dealt with
Roman republic creating spending limits and strengthening electoral laws (eg banning expensive
dinners and gifts by wealthy candidates) to prevent vote buying via bribery were put in place
Martin luther and his 95 preposition aslo indicated roman catholic church and was excommunicated : martin was pressing for an ethical tradition that avoids hypocrisy and embezzlement
Francis bacon and king james of england – king james declared a corruption free judiciary ; bacon appointed lord chancellor and was found later to have engage in corrupts acts
Bacon was treated leniently ( eg fined 40000 pounds ,imprisoned at the king leisure banned for holding office again and from parliamentary elections) compared to previous cases in which judges were executed because they took bribes
However king james believed that the punishment was too severe
ALSO marcus tullius cicero prosecuted Verres a corrupt governor of Sicily in 70 bc for subverting the clause of justice ( verres was accused of seizing valuable statuses , painting and so forth from
public spaces and private houses )
Cicero also introduced electoral reform laws to fight corruption but when his political ally violated the laws , cicero turned around and defended his ally , murena
Murena had not himself reserved the block of seats at the games; the crowd which accompanied him from his house to the senate had not been hired but was spontaneous payments made to the voting colleges be seen as the integral part of the system Agency and structure : can we attribute corruption to individual or system failure
If religious believes/values that oftern inform personal and public life standards frown on corruption, what then causes the failure to upload personal and public ethics
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That is does corruption result from the weak system/institutions that create corruption opportunities from unchecked /monopoly power or discretionary power coupled with weak deterrents/regulatory Class oct 25
Review on theories
International legal anti-corruption frame work: historical context
We know the religious values often reject corruption
We also know that imperialism/colonialism
For example ,despite the revelation by erwin bluementhal(DRC central bank directior ,1978-1979) that mobutu was highly corrupt, the world bank and the IMF continued to provide development
Between 1985 and 1994, the DRC external debt was nearly US$10 billion
However at the end of cold war paved for the review of corruption as source of ineffciency or as an impediment to economic growth/ development
Since aid was linked to corruption, Douglas hurd, a former Uk FOREIGN SECRETARY overseeing foreign aid and demanded at the 1990 organization for economic co-
operation and development (OECD) meeting that measures be taken to rid aid funded projects of corruption
Paul wolfowitz who took over from wolfensohn, also emphasized that corruption is even biggest impediment to development continuing the world bank anito-corruption stance Constant value changing Impacts of corruption on health care
Drug are not getting to those need, the anti viral drug are been sold to the wealthy individuals
Counterfeit drugs that were made in China found their ways in other part of the developing world
Historically religious bodies do not support corruption
Martin luther break from the roman catolic church due to corruption , he wanted some reforms during the 16
th
century. Which eventually lead to the establishment of protestant churches
For most religious bodies corruption is not allowed
Religious values turn to shape personal and public ethics Theorizing corruption/ what drives corruption
The lavatia cabinet minister statement indicates that institutional corruption and individual corruption reinforce one another and are difficult to root out within a sytem forcing those who partake in corrupt system to abide by the rules that allow for underhanded tactics. Those who goes against the corrupt ways would not be able to provide for them selves
Who are the power elite groups :
they are the top hierarchies of critical institutions , they are in position to make important decision to a system or government , they do not rule alone , they have advisors and consultants which aid them
Agency and structure : Anthony Giddens highlights how agency and structure shape social actions ( actions that impact on others)
The constitution of society
: outline the theory of structurization (Anthony Giddens) which states to understand social actions we need to understand the following 1.
Human agents: (motivation for action and inactions) 2.
Their agents Giddens argue that been human implies been an agent with the capacity to act and intervene
Structure :
the most indispensable aspect of structure are rules and resources recursively involved in institutions in meeting particular social needs
Other theories 1.
Rational choice theory-micro level: people break the law if the benefit of doing so out way the cost
2.
Monopoly and discretionary powers plus weak accountability create corruption , here week system are the focus 3.
the level of corruption depends on the degree available opportunities and the nature of existence deterrents 4.
crime opportunity theory : people commit crime because they have the opportunity to do so but not all people with crime opportunities go a head to commit crime 5.
asomah says grand opportunity primary stems from a combination of 3 factors greed , opportunity embedded in institutions and weak deterrents
petty corruption : petty corruption is driven by the following: survival, greed , orchestration from above , reciprocal payment
grand corruption : according to cockcroft grand corruption is driving by the following 1.
political funding /finance including party funding 2.
syndicates of organize crime 3.
multinational organization bribing officials for market share international anti corruption frame work
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