Criminal Justice Final Exam
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May 22, 2024
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Madisyn Reem Criminal Justice J01
Final Exam Questions
Part A: Answer each of the following questions in two or more complete paragraphs. Each answer is worth 12 points.
1.
Define
supermax, maximum, medium,
and
minimum
prison security levels. Supermax- a control unit prison, which is the most secure level of custody.
Maximum- a prison that does as much as it can to keep their prisoners from escaping and supervises them very closely. Medium- Prisons that usually house prisoners who do not have long sentences, which means that
they usually have committed nonviolent crimes.
Minimum- Prisons where offenders have the highest amount of freedom because they are not considered dangerous. 2.
Describe the pros and cons of utilizing private security.
The Pros of utilizing private security are listed below. Private security offers a tailored approach to security, which means that they can design a security plan that meets the specific needs. This can be especially useful for businesses or organizations with unique security requirements, such are various levels of security. They have a reduced response time because
they have fewer bureaucratic procedures to follow. They can also focus solely on their client's security needs, whereas public security services have a broader mandate. With private security, clients have greater control over the security measures in place. Clients can choose the personnel they want and dictate the level of training the employees should have. Clients can also choose the types of equipment and surveillance methods that they would like to be used. The cons of utilizing private security are as follows. First, cost. Private security services are typically more expensive than public security services. Next, limited accountability. Private security providers are accountable to their clients, not to the public. This can lead to abuses of power or neglect of duties. Finally, potential legal issues. Private security providers are not authorized to carry out some of the activities that public security services can, such as arrest or detention. This can lead to legal issues if private security personnel overstep their authority or engage in illegal activities.
3.
Name the eight demographic factors that affect a person’s fear of crime. Explain how each factor affects one’s fear of crime.
The eight demographic factors that affect a person’s fear of crime are gender, age, region,
income, race, education, politics, and religion. Statistically speaking, the people who are most afraid of crime are the ones less likely to be victimized. Women are more likely to be worried about crime, as well as people 55 years old and older. Nonwhites are more likely to have fear of crime and so were people who graduated from high school or had less education that those who graduated from college. These factors all tend to have the opposite in response to fear of crime.
4.
Distinguish between the informal and formal approaches in juvenile justice. Be sure to explain the fundamental difference between the juvenile justice and the criminal justice systems.
Where the adult criminal justice system typically seeks punishment, the juvenile justice system usually prioritizes rehabilitation and acting in the offender’s best interest. Due to this, many alternative sentences are used to keep young offenders out of jail. Probation, diversionary programs, and parole are just a few of these options.
Juvenile court is informal, non-punitive, and focused on offenders. Adult court is formal, offense-focused, and punitive. In addition to preserving public safety, the main objectives of the juvenile justice system are the successful reintegration of youth into society and the development of skills, habilitation, and rehabilitation.
5.
Summarize the findings of the Knapp Commission (1972), including the types of corruption associated with the “grass-eaters” and the “meat-eaters” in police culture.
The commission's findings shed light on two different types of corruption within the police force: "grass-eaters" and "meat-eaters". "Grass-eaters" were police officers who passively accepted bribes or engaged in minor corrupt activities, often due to their close association with the more corrupt colleagues. They were often considered to be less
actively involved in corruption, and typically took advantage of opportunities that came their way without seeking them out.
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On the other hand, "meat-eaters" were usually more aggressive and actively sought out opportunities for corruption. They often initiated and demanded bribes or engaged in more serious corrupt activities than their colleagues. These officers were considered the more serious offenders and were actively involved in extortion, protection rackets, and other forms of organized corruption. The Knapp Commission's findings brought attention to the systemic corruption within the police culture at that time and led to significant reforms in the New York City Police Department. These reforms included increased oversight, improved training, and stricter disciplinary measures to combat corruption and restore public trust in the police force.
Part B: Answer each of the following questions in one to four sentences. Each answer is worth 4 points.
1.
Explain how guidelines are used to help judges and juries decide whether the death penalty should be imposed in a given case.
The guidelines are used to help judges and juries decide when to use the death penalty by providing a set of criteria that must be met in order for the death penalty to be used. 2.
Identify the First Step Act as well as two key aspects that make this reentry approach successful.
Since it was passed, the First Step Act has had an effect. According to
testimony
given by Bureau of Prisons (BOP) officials, 3,100 inmates have been released early under the "good conduct time" clause, which entitles inmates to an early release provided they exhibit good behavior while detained. Also, since the Fair Sentencing Act (FSA) was made
retroactive
by the First Step Act, a little over 2,100 individuals have had their sentences reduced. Due to a First Step
compassionate
release provision, around 100 more people have gotten sentence reductions. 3.
Compare and contrast Classical approaches of explaining crime to Positivist approaches of explaining crime.
Classical theory emphasizes free will and rational decision-making, while positivist theory emphasizes determinism and the influence of external factors on criminal behavior
.
4.
Identify the “smart justice” movement and provide at least four examples of reforms, policies, or programs that fall within this movement.
The “smart justice” movement is a criminal justice reform initiative with the goal to reduce mass incarceration, racial disparities, and make rehabilitation a priority instead of a punishment. In recent years, it has been gaining more support, with the number of states introducing reforms, policies and programs to replace the outdated prosecution methods growing. 5.
Indigent defendants can have a court-appointed attorney, a public defender, or a contract lawyer. What are the differences?
All are paid by the state or federal government, but
court-appointed attorneys are paid by the hour, while public defenders are salaried employees
. However, court-
appointed attorneys are private lawyers appointed by the court on a need basis, while public defenders are county, state, or federal employees.
6.
Your text identifies three possible ways in which future American criminal courts may be
forced to adapt their routines and personnel to changing demographics. What are they?
In the future, American criminal courts may need to adapt their routines and personnel to changing demographics in several ways. For example, language services, cultural sensitivity training, and community outreach are the ones listed in the text. 7.
Explain the origins of victim impact statements and identify at least four of the core rights of victims.
The first victim impact statement was made in 1976 during the Manson family cult trial by Doris Tate. Her daughter, Sharon, was killed by the cult and she feared that members of the cult may be given parole. The victim impact statements give the court the
opportunity to hear from the victims of violent crimes speak on their pain that was caused
by the offender. Victims have the right to be treated with fairness, dignity, sensitivity, and
respect, the right to attend and be present criminal justice proceedings, the right to protection from intimidation and harassment, and the right to privacy.
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8.
What is the
exclusionary rule,
and what are its three primary purposes?
The exclusionary rule is a legal principle that prevents evidence obtained in violation of a person’s constitutional rights from being used against them in court. The three main purposes are deterrence, remedial effect, and judicial integrity. 9.
Identify at least three challenges that the age of terrorism presents for the criminal justice system.
Some challenges that the age of terrorism presents are inaccurate public perception of crime, the need for intelligence gathering and focused military intervention, and transnational nature of terrorist organizations. 10. What are the three different operational styles or overall approaches to the police job?
The three different operational styles of policing are the watchman style, the legalistic style, and the service style.