EMM301-0500 Homeland Sec.Emergency Mgt Week 1 Sean Meredith
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Apr 3, 2024
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Development of FEMA
A Timeline of the development of FEMA from 9/11 to present day
What is FEMA?
FEMA is the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
FEMA was officially created in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter.
FEMA’s mission is helping people before, during and after disasters, and our core values and goals help us achieve it.
FEMA has a strategic plan too:
•
Instill equity as a foundation of emergency management
•
Lead whole of community in climate resilience
•
Promote and sustain a ready and prepare nation (
FEMA.gov,
2023).
“
”
FEMA and the 9/11 attack
The horrific attack on September 11, 2001
The Twin Towers are attacked
•
2,750 people are killed
A plane crashes into the Pentagon
•
184 people are killed
A Plane crashes in Pennsylvania after a passenger attempts to overtake the hijackers
•
40 people are killed (Bergen, 2023).
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“
”
FEMA and the 9/11 attack
Change was needed after the direct attack on America
George Bush wash the President in office
President Bush assigned Joe Allbaugh as head of FEMA
•
The President and Allbaugh had a close former relationship that allowed great cohesion.
Allbaugh recreated the Office of National Preparedness (ONP)
On September 24
th
, 2001, the PATRIOT Act was initiated
•
The law granted the power to investigate into suspected terrorism
•
It provide law enforcement with legal authority to take stronger actions in their collection of information on suspected terrorists (Haddow, 2017, p. 590).
Policy change was significantly needed after the 9/11 attack
THE 9/11 COMMISSION (2002)
The 9/11 commission was initiated to further understand how and why terrorist attacks happen.
The commission formulated 37 recommendations to prevent further terrorist attacks (Haddow, 2017, p. 593).
In the Summer of 2002, legislation was established to introduce the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
In November of 2002 DHS was signed into law.
HOMELAND SECURITY ACT (2002)
HOMELAND SECURITY ACT
5 Color Homeland Security Advisory System Code (2002)
Low Condition (Green)
•
Low risk of terrorist attack
Guarded Condition (Blue)
•
General risk of terrorist attack
Elevated Condition (Yellow)
•
Significant risk of terrorist attack
High Condition (Orange)
•
High risk of terrorist attack
Severe Condition (Red)
•
Severe risk of terrorist attack
The advisory system shows the risk of terrorist attack the country is under.
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FEMA becomes part of the Department of Homeland Security
On March 1, 2003, FEMA became part of DHS
On Mar. 1, 2003, Joe Allbaugh resigned as FEMA director (Haddow, 2017, p. 39).
March 1, 2003, Michael Brown was named as the acting director of FEMA within the DHS Emergency Preparedness and Response directorate (Haddow, 2017, p. 39).
March 1, 2003, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge is assigned as the first director of FEMA after being placed under the DHS (Anytown, 2014).
FEMA initiates proactive measures to train all local first responders and U.S. Fire Administration (
Journal of Environmental Health, 2004
).
Continued development of all-hazard approach and proactive measures
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
NIMS was established March 1
st
, 2004, to coordinated cohesion between state and federal level responders (Anytown, 2014).
•
The system was designed to be used during planning, response, and recovery stages no matter the size of the disaster or incident.
November 30
th
, 2004, Governor Tom Ridge resigns as the director of FEMA (Haddow, 2017, p. 40).
Febuary 16
th
, 2005, Michael Chertoff is assigned as the new director of FEMA.
Change of Directors
Continued development of all-hazard approach and proactive measures
Six-point agenda is released to guide and reorganize the department (July 13
th
, 2005)
The six-point agenda was created to make changes to:
•
Increase overall preparedness in catastrophic events.
•
Create better transportation systems to move people and cargo safely.
•
Increase border security and and interior defense within the US and redesign immigration procedures.
•
Enhance information sharing between state and federal level agencies.
•
Improve overall management within Human resources, procurement, IT, and financial management.
And to •
Reform FEMA to maximize performance
•
According to What Goes around comes around (Lucie, 2016), FEMA has historically struggled with information management and efficiency.
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Hurricane after hurricane
In 2004, 4 Major hurricanes hit Florida
Florida Governor Jeb Bush, brother to President Bush, had a great handle on local emergency management and was well effective in its disaster management.
August 25
th
, 2005, hurricane Katrina hits land
Hurricane Katrine death toll was was 1856, with an additional 705 persons missing
Katrina impacted 90,000 square miles
Coast Guard rescued 24,273 people
FEMA rescued nearly 6,600 persons
Disaster relief expenses totaled more than $100 billion (Haddow, 2017, p. 44).
FEMA All-hazards response system
Definition and Purpose of an all-hazard response plan (2006)
Definition
•
An all-hazards response plan can be simplified as first response procedure to mitigate natural disasters and terrorist prevention.
Purpose
•
To have an immediate reaction plan in order to respond promptly and efficiently.
Major Benefits
Immediate reaction plan
Support at the Federal level
Hazards are identified and assessed by priority
Immediate access to resources needed in unforeseen circumstances
Outgrowth of Steps
States created their own plans that effected cohesion with FEMA
FEMA failed to work with local government on how to use the National Guard
FEMA was mostly focused on terrorist prevention response
Challenges
Failure during Katrina leads to new changes and concerns
Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006
Many emergency management plans were changed post Katrina but contain very few changes that were related to emergency response situations.
Amended the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Anytown, 2014).
This established new leadership positions with higher requirements for FEMA and reorganized the agency’s responsibilities.
PKEMRA created a new strategy for disaster housing engaging other federal agencies (Haddow, 2017, p. 50).
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2008 Presidential Election
Emergency management and its impact on the election
Emergency management did not have a prominent role in the presidential election for President Obama.
Both nominees visited New Orleans with the commitment to assist the city in a swift recovery and to improve emergency management.
Obama discussed separating FEMA from DHS, but the secretary of DHS, Janet Napolitano believed FEMA was essential for DHS.
In 2008, Janet Napolitano assigned W. Craig Fugate as the administrator of FEMA (Haddow, 2017, p. 51).
Joplin Tornado and Hurricane Sandy The Joplin Tornado
FEMA new guidelines had allowed them to deal with the disaster clean up and response efficiently.
FEMA had already been conducting response and clean up due to prior winter storms in Missouri.
Hurricane Sandy
Because of the changes FEMA made post Hurricane Katrina, FEMA was highly regarded with their response and efficiency.
Hurricane Sandy impacted from the Carolinas to the upper east coast.
FEMA had a better plan active because they were more focused on disaster response, whereas they were hyper-focused on terrorist prevention prior to Katrina because of the 9/11 attack.
Conclusion
Retirement of PATRIOT Act
The PATRIOT Act was retired due to the mass data collection practices of the National Security Agency being exposed by Edward Snowden.
It was seen that many Americans privacy was being invaded in the name of terrorism and possible terrorist threats and relation.
All else remains the same
FEMA continues to apply its all-hazards response system to disaster relief and terrorist prevention.
FEMA remains a part of DHS and works closely with local government to ensure disaster response systems are understood and that there is cohesion between level of government.
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References:
FEMA Releases Recommendations for Emergency Response to Major Incidents. (2004).
Journal of Environmental Health
,
67
(2), 42.
Bergen, P. L. (2023, August 8).
September 11 attacks | History, Summary, Location, Timeline, Casualties, & Facts
. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/September-
11-attacks
Lucie, H. Q. (2016). What Comes Around, Goes Around (and Around and Around): Reviving the Lost History of FEMA and its Importance to Future Disasters.
Homeland Security Affairs
,
12
, 1–11.
Anytown. (2014). Anytown - Home. https://lc.gcumedia.com/emm300/anytown-historical-timeline/v1.1/
George, D. Haddow (2017). Introduction to Emergency Management
(sixth edition). Elsevier Inc.
About Us | FEMA.gov
. (2023, July 7). Www.fema.gov. https://www.fema.gov/about#:~:text=ourselves%20each%20day.-,History%20of
%20FEMA,Learn%20more%20about%20our%20history.
Homeland Security Presidential Directive-3
. (2002, March 20). https://georgewbush-
whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020312-5.html