AVA30004 Group Assignment

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Swinburne University of Technology *

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30004

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Oct 30, 2023

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Word Confirmation: 3290 Table Of Content 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 2. Current Operations ............................................................................................... 1 3. Operational ........................................................................................................... 3 4. Infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 5 5. Regulatory ............................................................................................................ 7 6. Commercial .......................................................................................................... 8 7. Environmental .................................................................................................... 11 8. Political .............................................................................................................. 14 9. Project Management Timeline ........................................................................... 16 10. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 18 11. References .......................................................................................................... 19 12. Appendix ............................................................................................................ 22 12.1 Appendix 1: Noise Management (Broome International Airport 2022) ..... 22 12.2 Appendix 2: Fly Neighbourly Policy (Broome International Airport 2022) 23 12.3 Appendix 3: Aeronautical services and charges (Vogel 2019) ................... 23

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Word Confirmation: 3290 List of Figure: Figure 1: Typical Daily Terminal Passenger Flow ......................................................... 3 Figure 2: Singapore Airport Terminal Shopping (Asaf 2020) ....................................... 4 Figure 3:Airport Baggage Handling System Example (Dai, Wenbin & Vyatkin, V 2010) .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 4: Proposed BWA Terminal Upgrades ................................................................ 7 Figure 5: Number of ARFFS Vehicles according to Airport Category (Part 139H MOS) .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 6:Aerodrome categories based on aircraft size (Part 139H MOS) ..................... 8 Figure 7:Airport Revenue by Source (McConnell, P 2022) ........................................... 9 Figure 8:Proposed BWA Terminal Upgrades ............................................................... 10 Figure 9: Five key categories of airport sustainability framework (Greer, Rakas & Horvath 2020) .......................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 10:Australian Noise Expose Forecast at Big Wave Airport (BIA Group 2012) .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 11: Building site acceptability based on ANEF zones (Department of Construction and Infrastructure 2015) ..................................................................................... 12 Figure 12: Forecast of regional travel demand based on ACI & ICAO data (Vogel 2019) ........................................................................................................................................ 14 List of Tables: Table 1: Current Gate Occupancy Timetable ................................................................. 2 Table 2: Potential Gate Occupancy Timetable ............................................................... 4 Table 3: The mitigation measures in environmental impact assessment ..................... 13

1. Introduction Big Wave Airport (BWA) is a small regional airport in the surf town of Big Wave, currently servicing regular RPT to various mining destinations. BigAsia Airlines has identified BWA as a possible location to expand their current operations to. The purpose of this report is to provide an operational plan to upgrade BWA to facilitate an international service by BigAsia Airlines. In this report, six key components for expansion are discussed: Operational, Infrastructure, Regulatory, Commercial, Environmental, and Political. By way of overview, the report finds that the current operations at BWA will allow for BigAsia Airline’s services, however this will not be without other challenges. Significant investment into facilities and infrastructure will be required, particularly if A330-300s are used in addition to the A321LR NEOs. This includes possible runway extensions, Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting facilities, new screening equipment, border services, and additional gates and aircraft stands. Other factors that should be considered are environmental impacts, as well as commercial viability and political support. 2. Current Operations Big Wave Airport currently has domestic regular public transport (RPT) and charter mining traffic using the main terminal building. Flights to and from Perth occur 4 times per day, every day. Flights to and from Adelaide occur twice a day on everyday excluding Tuesday and Saturday (assumed from schedule). Most RPT arrivals and departures in the morning sit between 09:20 to 12:00, and most RPT arrivals and departures in the evening sit between 18:20 to 19:30. There are roughly 5 departures and 5 arrivals of mining charter flights per day (see Table 1 for departure times). 1

Table 1: Current Gate Occupancy Timetable Assuming RPT passengers arrive 2 hours before a departing flight and take 30 minutes to exit after arriving, passenger movement in the terminal building will be at its heaviest in the mornings from 08:00 to 12:00 particularly in the check in and boarding areas. From 12:00 until 18:20, there are no RPT movements, and there will be a dip in passenger movement in the terminal. There will be a second spike of passenger movements later in the evening from 17:30 until 19:30, with the RPT arrivals and departures. This spike will not be as large as in the morning as there will only be one RPT flight. Given charter flights are evenly spread across the day, it is assumed the charter passengers do not affect passenger movement spikes. This flow applies for all days of the week excluding Tuesdays and Saturdays. On Tuesdays and Saturdays there are no flights to and from Adelaide. Passenger movement times will be the same as other days, only the passenger volume in the morning will be roughly the same as the evening. On a standard day, peak traffic outbound times will be from 10:00 to 12:00 and peak inbound times will be from 09:20 to 11:00. 2

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Figure 11: Typical Daily Terminal Passenger Flow With these traffic movements, the apron will be occupied heavily in the mornings and evenings. A gate will be occupied every day from 09:20 to 10:00 and 18:20 to 19:30 by the Perth RPT flight. The second gate will be occupied all days excluding Tuesdays and Saturdays from 11:00 to 12:00 for the Adelaide flight. The third gate will be occupied by charter mining flights at the times listed above. Based on these passenger and aircraft movements, car park usage is most likely highest around peak traffic movement times. With the times we estimated passengers to arrive before a flight and leave after an arrival, car park usage is estimated to peak from 08:00 until 12:00. As for ground vehicular access, it is likely that vehicles will be operating on the apron most during the busier times of the day (09:20 to 12:00 and 18:20 to 20:00). 3. Operational The initial A321LR Neo service is feasible. During the time the A321 is at BWA, two gates will be occupied by a Qantas Link 717 and a charter flight. The evening A321 service after 12 months will also be feasible as there is only 1 Qantas Link 717 at one gate and a charter mining aircraft would be leaving a second, there would still be one gate remaining for the A321. With the current equipment, A321 aircraft variants are code C aircraft (IFATC c. 2022) and the aircraft stand will be suitable. 3

If the second A321 service is replaced with an Airbus A330-300, then there will be a few more considerations. The A330-300 is a code E aircraft (IFATC c. 2022) and will not be able to use the standard equipment (aircraft stand) as the current turning nodes or the runway length (discussed under ‘Infrastructure’). Major upgrades will need to be made to handle an A330-300, which will be costly for BWA. Figure 22: Singapore Airport Terminal Shopping (Asaf 2020) Currently it is advised to continue using the A321 even in the case of an increased number of passengers. If passenger numbers were to increase dramatically, a third A321 4

flight can be considered before switching to an A330. The third A321 flight can arrive at 14:00 and depart at 16:30, which will ensure there is a gate available. 4. Infrastructure Currently, BWA's runway measures 2,205 x 45 m with taxiways and stands to support code 3C aircraft. Once BigAsia Airlines begins operations at BWA, initially utilizing A321LR NEO's, the existing runway, stands and taxiways will support this aircraft (Airbus c. 2022; SkyLibrary c. 2022). However, if flights operated by BigAsia Airlines become popular the airline's intention is to begin utilizing A330-300's. Airbus A330-300's are classed as Code 4E aircraft by ICAO (Airbus 2021) presenting an issue to BWA's current aerodrome infrastructure. If the airline moves ahead with utilising the A330-300 the following will need to be upgraded at BWA:  The runway will need to be extended to at least 2,700 meters o At ISA conditions at Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) at 0ft Airport Pressure Altitude an A330-300 needs 2,700 m to take off therefore, BWA needs to extend the runway by at least 500 meters  The taxiways, aircraft stands and turning nodes need to be upgraded to accommodate Code 4E aircraft. o Potentially, creating an additional gate with stands for Code 4E aircraft could avoid the costs of upgrading the current 3 gates  BWA should consider investing in ILS equipment for international flights Additionally, the current fueling infrastructure at BWA is insufficient to support international flights. Flights from SIN, KUL or SGN to BWA have a flight time of around 4 to 5 hours. An A321LR NEO and A330-300's max fuel capacity is 32,940 liters and 139,090 liters respectively (Airbus c. 2022; Airbus 2020). Although the aircraft may not be carrying the maximum amount of fuel (considering the short flight time, the aircraft will likely not be at MTOW) BWA needs to accommodate these aircraft as well as refuel its usual aircraft. BWA could invest in an underground fueling system that can carry AVGAS from the underground system to the aircraft by bowser, as the 100,000-liter fuel limit is overly restrictive on international operations. 5

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Moreover, screening of all checked baggage is required for international baggage by Australian legislation (Parliament of Australia c. 2022). Screening measures can include X- Ray, CT scanners, physical searches, explosive and drug trace analyses as well as drug detection by canines. BWA needs to therefore install a checked baggage screening system, ideally, that is carried out as the traveler is checking in for their flight. Once weighed, the screening system should take the baggage through the airport via a conveyor belt system to be screened, and once approved, transported to a carousel for baggage handlers to load onto the aircraft. Additionally, infrastructure needs to be built to facilitate secondary screenings by border force agents, customs areas built for arriving passengers to declare goods as well as an immigration hall and interview rooms for border force agents to conduct interviews when necessary (refer to Figures 3 and 4). Figure 33:Airport Baggage Handling System Example (Dai, Wenbin & Vyatkin, V 2010) 6 Figure 44: Proposed BWA Terminal Upgrades

5. Regulatory Firstly, BWA will be required to apply to the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications (DITRDC) for approval for the introduction of international services and the provision of border services, including customs and immigration. This can be a lengthy process, sometimes taking up to 14 months (DITRDC 2022a). BWA will be responsible for all costs incurred during the process, including building the relevant border services infrastructure (DITRDC c. 2022). However, there is funding available for these costs, including the Regional Airports Screening Infrastructure program which reduces the burden of security compliance and avoids initial security start-up costs being passed on to airlines (DITRDC 2022b). Given that there is currently only plans for 1 BigAsia flight daily requiring border services, BWA can request approval to amend their transport security program under Section 23A(1) of the Aviation Transport Security Act 2004 (Cwlth) to only have border services present when required by BigAsia’s schedule, therefore reducing costs. However, screening of checked baggage will likely remain a requirement of the security program, requiring BWA to invest in infrastructure to accommodate this. Furthermore, under the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 , which incorporates Part 139 Manual of Standards (‘the MOS’), BWA is required to have a Safety Management System (SMS) prior to any scheduled international operations commence. Assuming it has dealt with less than 50,000 air transport passenger movements and less than 100,000 aircraft movements annually (Chapter 25 MOS), BWA will also be required to create an Emergency Committee, should they not already have one, and update their Aerodrome Emergency Plan (AEP) assuming they already had one in place. This will need to be done before commencing scheduled international air transport operations, required under Part 139 MOS (Chapter 24). Regarding firefighting facilities, it is assumed that BWA currently is a Level 2, Category 6 aerodrome under Part 139H MOS. With the introduction of international services, it is likely that BWA will be upgraded to a Level 1 aerodrome. If A321s are used, BWA will likely be upgraded to a Category 7 aerodrome, and would see the firefighting requirements increase to only 2 vehicles (see Figure 5). If A330s are used, BWA will likely be a Category 9 aerodrome, which would increase the firefighting requirements to at least 3 ARFFS vehicles. 7 Figure 5: Number of ARFFS Vehicles according to Airport Category (Part 139H MOS).

Finally, subsection 12(1) of the Air Navigation Act 1920 requires all international airlines to seek approval by way of an issued licence to operate a scheduled international air service into Australia. This should be done at least 60 days prior to arrival. BWA should ensure that BigAsia has obtained the relevant approval prior to arrival. 6. Commercial BWA has multiple opportunities to generate both aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenue by facilitating BigAsia’s initiation of international services. Aeronautical revenue contributes to 50% of airport revenue (from 2016-2017 in Australia's ten largest airports, (McConnell, P 2022)) presenting an opportunity for BWA to generate additional revenue from BigAsia. Landing charges are based on a per kilo basis and MTOW, a significant source of revenue for BWA if BigAsia Airlines decides to begin utilizing A330-300's (McConnell, P 2022). Additionally, it can be assumed BigAsia will board passengers via an aerobridge from one of the gates, both of which will be owned by the airport, thus providing another revenue stream. Slots at this time and the foreseeable future do not seem to be capacity-constrained so this may not be as strong of a revenue opportunity for BWA, however, if the BigAsia flights do become highly popular the airline may decide to schedule more throughout the day which will place more demand on slots. 8 Figure 6:Aerodrome categories based on aircraft size (Part 139H MOS).

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Figure 7:Airport Revenue by Source (McConnell, P 2022) Considering international travellers bring more baggage with them, baggage handling fees will likely be higher for BigAsia Airlines as the infrastructure utilized to move their baggage is airport owned (McConnell 2022). It is unlikely BigAsia will send employees of their airline to BWA to work at the check-in desks, nevertheless, the check-in desks are owned by BWA, and the airport will charge for their use, generating another revenue opportunity. Finally, additional security and screening methods are required for international passengers. Border force charges will be charged to the airline and possibly passed down to customers, which will contribute to higher revenue for BWA. Moreover, with the expansion of the terminal to include new check-in desks, additional security and an additional gate, there is the opportunity for non-aeronautical revenue to be generated. Placed post security in the 'sterile' waiting area, passengers can shop duty free and consume food and beverages whilst they wait to board their flights. This waiting area also provides a unique opportunity for digital marketing on digital boards, LED displays as well as posters. In terms of car parking, which provides 17% of non-aeronautical revenue, BWA will need to expand its current car park for the additional staff (McConnell, P 2022). However, it is unlikely BigAsia Airline's customers will hire cars or require car parking since they will be travelling for leisure reasons. Instead, it is recommended that BWA create a 'meeting place' 9

outside of the terminal extension and utilize this space for coaches to pick up and drop off tourists. BigAsia Airlines' new operations to BWA provide local business and companies a unique business opportunity to partner with BWA to provide tour experiences for BigAsia passengers (refer to Figure 8). 7. Environmental Big Wave Airport is located on Australia's northwest coast in a highly-populated area. With the necessity to renovate an airport to accommodate the new BigAsia Airlines international service, one of the goals that BWA has committed to is sustainable business practices. Because the airport operation industry, like many others, is dealing with the consequences of rising environmental concerns (Baxter, Srisaeng & Wild 2018). 10 Figure 8:Proposed BWA Terminal Upgrades

Figure 9: Five key categories of airport sustainability framework (Greer, Rakas & Horvath 2020) The environmental effects of the airport on the nearby local community are not only influenced by aircraft engine emissions but also by airport construction, operations (building operation, ground service equipment), surface access road transportation, and airport on-site energy generation and heating (European Union Aviation Safety Agency 2022). They are a direct catalyst of higher air traffic, which is driven by the 5.3% annual increase in demand for air travel (Block Novelo, Igie & Nalianda 2019). As BigAsia Airlines is running a daily flight from BWA with A321LR Neo, noise and atmospheric pollution, linked to transport operations (take-off/landing performance) or along with approach path (northeast/northwest), are one of the most frequently discussed consequences for the people who live near the airport. Figure 10:Australian Noise Expose Forecast at BWA (BIA Group 2012) 11

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Figure 11: Building site acceptability based on ANEF zones (Department of Construction and Infrastructure 2015) The ANEF contours remain the predominant foundation for defining acceptable zoning and development requirements in the BWA area. We are currently putting in place a Noise Management, a part of the Noise Abatement Program (NAP), such as a set of guidelines for pilots landing at or taking off from BWA's aerodrome (Appendix 1). BWA has released a voluntary Fly Neighbourly Program with nine key aspects. For instance, avoiding the low flying of the densely populated area and, in particular, runway 28 take-off then left turning over the town (other policies are listed in Appendix 2) to minimize the impact of noise beyond the 20 ANEF contour and other non-ANEF noise. For reduction in greenhouse gases, BWA involves taking measures to lessen the identified impacts: No Section Action 1 Land vehicles for handling operations - Use Hybrid or electric vehicle fleet - Biofuels 2 Energy-related emissions - Hydro-power or Solar energy which is produced on site - Purchase renewable electricity 3 Airport infrastructure - Provide Fixed Electrical Ground Power or Pre- Conditioned Air to aircraft on- stand 12

4 Surface access road transportation - Improve the bus route and promote public transport (airport bus) use 5 Environmental Management System - Use international standards to measure and analyze environmental performance and energy management effectively. (ISO 14001, ISO 50001) Table 3: The mitigation measures in environmental impact assessment Lastly, protection of coastal and marine environments is critical to the development of BWA. During the wet summer season, the construction of significant drainage systems in the town area is required to handle stormwater run-off and reduce high levels of chemicals and other toxic substances (Johnson 2018) that exceeds the soil's infiltration capacity and pollute waterways. 8. Political Figure 1212: Forecast of regional travel demand based on ACI & ICAO data (Vogel 2019) While Covid-19 has impacted international tourism, ASEAN countries continue to offer Western Australia a significant long-term tourism market demand (Department of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation 2021). However, 93% of inbound and outbound passengers to Western Australia are served by Perth Airport (Perth Airport 2020). With the three new flight routes to Southeast Asia countries, Northwestern Australia will soon be connected with Singapore, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The entry of this Asian LCC will partly accommodate the growth scenario (Figure 4) and ensure the sustainable Western Australia tourism industry as an attractive tourist destination, especially for the Northeast Coast community. 13

Young & Wells (2019) defines airport-airline relations, airport-tenant relations, and airport-community relations as one of the political roles of airport management. BWA must be proactive in collaboration with BigAsia Airlines under agreements (services and charges are listed in Appendix 3). Because the airline brings passengers traffic to the airport to fill its business and shops (Florida Institute of Technology 2022) while waiting for the flight departure, the airport is likely a financially stable and successful operation (Young & Wells 2019). On the hand, BWA can help with statistics on estimating the potential passenger demand and stimulate the demand for new markets as the local relationship between BWA and BigAsia adds credibility and ensures the airline continues to plan its route to North- western Australia. As crucial as airline-airport relations, the airport must partner with other tenants to update and expand the airport infrastructure and lease space to serve BAA and existing airlines. For instance, concessionaires, Fixed Base Operator (FBOs), and other tenants such as freight forwarders and warehouses that do business on airport property for the growing and post-pandemic travel demand. Overall tenant mix which meets the needs of the airport and the public it serves has the potential to produce significant revenue (Young & Wells 2019). Especially when the new Asian LCC first operates new international flight routes from BWA. Big Wave Airport must be a true partner and actively engage in their communities. As the local airport serves air service needs (Sanchez 2018) and generates the Northeast's economy and society to flourish. During the infrastructure development plans period, BWA needs to manage communication effectively and efficiently about airport activities with stakeholders as a strategic activity to avoid misunderstandings. Furthermore, BWA also hosts an open house event to accept and answer comments, questions, and concerns from all airport stakeholders and other interested parties. 14

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9. Project Management Timeline 15

10. Conclusion To summarise, the introduction of BigAsia Airline’s service to BWA poses many benefits, however, these will come at a cost. Ultimately, the expansion is viable, however it is recommended that BigAsia Airlines remains operating the A321-LR NEO as the A330-300 will require significant investment to the infrastructure and operational facilities at BWA, which will be both costly and timely. Regardless, the expansion will result in increased revenue, as well as a boost to the local economy. Overall, the benefits of BigAsia Airlines’ service to BWA must be weighed up with the significant cost and consequential impacts on operations. 16

11. References Airbus c. 2022, A321neo, Airbus, viewed 23 May 2022, <https://aircraft.airbus.com/en/aircraft/a320/a321neo>. Airbus 2020, A321 Aircraft Characteristics Airport and Maintenance Planning, Airbus, viewed 22 May 2022, <https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/2021-11/Airbus-Commercial- Aircraft-AC-A321.pdf>. Airbus 2021, A330 Aircraft Characteristics Airport and Maintenance Planning, Airbus, viewed 22 May 2022, <https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/2021-11/Airbus-Commercial- Aircraft-AC-A330.pdf>. Air Navigation Act 1920 (Cwlth). Asaf, S 2020, ‘[Singapore Airport Terminal Shopping]’ [image], in Asaf, S 2020, SIA allows transit through Changi Airport from some Australian, New Zealand cities, Business Traveller, viewed 24 May 2022, <https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/06/11/sia- allows-transit-through-changi-airport-from-some-australian-new-zealand-cities/>. Aviation Transport Security Act 2004 (Cwlth). Baxter, G, Srisaeng, P & Wild, G 2018, "An Assessment of Airport Sustainability, Part 2—Energy Management at Copenhagen Airport", Resources , vol. 7, no. 2, p. 32, viewed 18 May 2022, <https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/7/2/32>. BIA Group 2012, Airport Development Plan , BIA Group, Australia, pp. 25-26, viewed 19 May 2022, <https://www.broome.wa.gov.au/files/assets/public/services/planning/structure-plans/airport- development-plan.pdf>. Block Novelo, D, Igie, U & Nalianda, D 2019, "On-board compressor water injection for civil aircraft emission reductions: Range performance with fuel burn analysis", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 67, pp. 449-463, viewed 18 May 2022, <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920918307132?via%3Dihub>. Broome International Airport 2022, Our fly neighbourly program , viewed 19 May 2022, <https://www.broomeair.com.au/noise-management>. Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (Cwlth). Dai, W & Vyatkin, V 2010, 'Airport Baggage Handling System', Research Gate 2010, viewed 22 May 2022, <https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Baggage-Handling-System-Diagram- 10_fig1_224167747>. Department of Construction and Infrastructure 2015, Building siting against aircraft noise intrusion , The Northern Territory Government, Northern Territory, p. 12. Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications c. 2022, International Airports , Australian Government, viewed 23 May 2022, 17

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<https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure-transport- vehicles/aviation/international-aviation/international-airports>. Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications 2022a, Applying for border services at new and redeveloping international ports , Australian Government, viewed 23 May 2022, <https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/migrated/aviation/international/files/appl ying-for-border-services.pdf>. Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications 2022b, Aviation , Australian Government, viewed 23 May 2022, < https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure-transport-vehicles/aviation>. Department of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation 2021, ASEAN Market Outlook 2021-22 , Government of Western Australia, Western Australia, p. 7. European Union Aviation Safety Agency 2022, Aviation Environmental Impacts , EASA Environment Department, viewed 18 May, 2022, <https://www.easa.europa.eu/eaer/air-quality/aviation- environmental-impacts>. Florida Institute of Technology 2022, How Airlines and Airports Work Together , viewed 22 May, 2022, <https://www.floridatechonline.com/blog/aviation-management/how-airlines-and- airports-work-together/>. Greer, F, Rakas, J & Horvath, A 2020, "Airports and environmental sustainability: a comprehensive review", Environmental Research Letters, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 103007, viewed 18 May 2022, <https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abb42a>. ICAO 2017, Proposals for the amendment of Annex 14, Volume I and PANS-Aerdromes (Doc 9981), ICAO, viewed 22 May 2022, <https://www.icao.int/MID/Documents/2017/NCLB-Aerodrome %20Certification%20Wksp-Trg/Day%205-PPT18-AttA-SL17-044e-Proposed%20Amento %20An14%20Vol%20I.pdf>. IFATC c. 2022, Aircraft Size Table, IFATC Education Group, viewed 12 May 2022, <https://ifatceg.com/size/>. Johnson, K 2018, "Airport construction and environmental sustainability concerns", International Airport Review , viewed 19 May 2022, <https://www.internationalairportreview.com/article/70008/airport-environmental-concerns/>. McConnell, P 2022, 'Lecture 6. Airport Operations and Pavements', AVA30004 Airport Planning, Operations and Management, Learning materials via Canvas, Swinburne University of Technology, 8 April, viewed 23 May 2022. Parliament of Australia c. 2022, Chapter 4 Screening and controlling access and egress, Parliamentary Business, viewed 22 May 2022, 18

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<https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_Inquiries/jcp aa/aviation_security2/report/chapter4#che>. Perth Airport 2022, Why Perth Airport is important , viewed 23 May 2022, <https://www.perthairport.com.au/-/media/Files/CORPORATE/Planning-and-projects/Master- Plan/Fact-sheets/WAC1115-MP2014-Fact-Sheet-Why-Perth-Airport-is-important-4pp- Revised.pdf?la=en>. Sanchez, D 2018, ‘Innovative ideas for improving airport community relations’, Journal of Airport Management , vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 174-185, viewed 23 May 2022, <https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=16e72670-8283-40f9- abbb-10b39a492d08%40redis>. SkyLibrary c. 2022, ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code, SkyLibrary, viewed 22 May 2022, <https://skybrary.aero/articles/icao-aerodrome-reference-code>. Vogel, H 2019, ‘The nature of airports’, Foundations of Airport Economics and Finance , pp. 3-16, viewed 23 May 2022, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150062/>. Young, S & Wells, A 2019, Airport Planning & Management, Seventh Edition , 7th ed, McGraw-Hill Education, New York. Your Mileage May Vary 2021, How airports make money & the crazy amounts they make , Your Mileage May Vary, viewed 20 May 2022, <https://yourmileagemayvary.net/2021/10/30/how- do-airports-make-money-and-how-much-money-do-they-make/>. 19

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