Chapter 4 Assignments

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1 Information Systems Chapter 4 Assignments Student Name Affiliation Course Professor Name Date

2 Chapter 4 Assignments 1. What do you see as the likely evolution of the Internet in the near future? How do you see this impact the delivery of public services? In the dynamic 21st century, the Internet has been undergoing tremendous change. As technology shifts across different domains, such as medicine as well as psychology, the Internet remains a sign of such progress. At the heart of this evolution lies Moore's Law, an enduring principle predicting that microchip transistor counts double every couple of years while the cost of computing power is halved (Shalf, 2020). This law has been the driving engine behind the exponential growth of computational capabilities, and its implications for the Internet's future are profound. A mere two decades ago, the Internet bore little resemblance to its current form. The volume of information transmitted and gathered then pales in comparison to the colossal data flows of today. In a relatively brief span, we have witnessed monumental strides in connectivity and communication. Looking forward, the Internet's evolution holds the promise of reshaping our daily lives and revolutionizing the delivery of public services. One of the most captivating possibilities is attaining widespread wireless Internet access. With the relentless pace of technological advancement, it is entirely conceivable to envision a scenario where wireless connectivity blankets the entire globe. This concept is in harmony with the bold aspirations of visionaries such as Nikola Tesla, who sought to realize a world with global wireless energy distribution. In the foreseeable future, every inch of our planet could be equipped with Internet capabilities, irrespective of how remote or isolated a location might be. Such a global network of wireless Internet connectivity would bring about profound transformations in the delivery of public services. It would bridge the digital chasm separating urban and rural areas, ensuring that even the most isolated villages access crucial online

3 resources. Education, healthcare, and government services would all experience significant enhancements through this universal accessibility. Education stands to undergo one of the most transformative shifts with ubiquitous Internet access. With connectivity omnipresent, students in underserved regions would access high- quality educational resources previously beyond their reach. Online educational platforms, virtual classes, and interactive learning tools would empower learners of all ages to acquire knowledge and skills, regardless of location. This democratization of education through the Internet would serve as a profound equalizer, unlocking countless opportunities for personal and professional growth. Likewise, healthcare services would experience a revolution through ubiquitous Internet access. Telemedicine, a growing trend, would become even more accessible and efficient (Bahl et al., 2020). Remote consultations with healthcare professionals, access to medical records, and real-time monitoring of vital signs through wearable devices would become standard practice. Patients in remote or isolated areas would no longer face geographical barriers when seeking medical advice or treatment, ultimately improving overall healthcare outcomes and reducing disparities. Moreover, governments would offer more efficient and transparent services to their citizens. Online platforms for accessing government information, applying for permits, or paying taxes would become more user-friendly and widely available. Civic engagement would surge as citizens from all corners of the world participate in digital democracy, making their voices heard and holding their governments accountable. The Internet's evolution would reshape public services and transform the global economy. E-commerce would continue flourishing, with small businesses in remote areas gaining access to global markets. Digital currencies and blockchain technology could further reform financial

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4 systems, enhancing transaction security and efficiency. The gig economy would expand as remote work and freelancing opportunities proliferate, offering economic prospects to individuals in regions with limited job opportunities. The dream of ubiquitous wireless Internet access, once relegated to science fiction, is becoming increasingly attainable. This development will profoundly impact the delivery of public services, democratizing education, enhancing healthcare, and improving government services. As we embark on this journey into a connected world, responsible navigation of the challenges is paramount to ensure that the Internet remains a force for progress and inclusivity. 2. What is the difference between sustaining and disruptive technologies? Why is it essential for managers to know the differences between these two? Can you offer an example of each in the public sector? Sustaining as well as disruptive technologies represent two distinctive categories that are pivotal in shaping the evolution of industries and businesses. Managers must grasp the distinctions between these technological types as they are a compass for strategic decision- making, resource allocation, and long-term planning. Sustaining technologies are innovations or technological implementations that primarily focus on maintaining or enhancing an organization's current state of operations (Bag & Pretorius, 2022). They are designed to improve existing products, services, or processes, often to extend the usefulness or "shelf-life" of these offerings. Sustaining technologies are incremental, building upon the current technological foundation. They are about refining and optimizing what a company already has in place. For instance, consider a government agency responsible for processing and managing citizen data. Implementing a more efficient data encryption algorithm

5 to enhance data security without changing the fundamental data management system is an example of a sustaining technology. It maintains the agency's existing processes and infrastructure while making incremental improvements. For sustaining technology, a government can adopt cloud computing. While more disruptive than some innovations, cloud computing represents a sustaining technology that can enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of government operations. On the other hand, disruptive technologies are demonstrated by their ability to effect radical change and innovation. These technologies introduce new ways of doing things and often challenge established norms and market dynamics (Bedford, 2019). Disruptive technologies often give rise to new markets, redefine the essence of value propositions, and address needs that consumers may not have previously recognized. Such innovations can make current products, services, or technologies obsolete. The emergence of blockchain technology is a prime illustration of disruptive technology within the public sector. Blockchain fundamentally alters the way transactions and data are recorded and verified. In the context of government, blockchain can create transparent, immutable, and secure systems for voting, land registries, or public financial transactions. It disrupts traditional, centralized systems and introduces a new paradigm of trust and accountability. Expanding upon disruptive technology, let's consider the potential impact of autonomous vehicles on the public sector. Autonomous vehicles represent a disruptive technology in transportation. They could revolutionize public transit, decrease traffic congestion, and advance road safety. Now, why is it crucial for managers to discern between sustaining and disruptive technologies? Regarding Strategic Planning , managers should make well-versed decisions

6 regarding the direction of their organizations. Sustaining technologies may require a focus on incremental improvements and cost optimization, while disruptive technologies demand strategies for entering new markets or developing entirely novel products or services. Moreover, Managers need to allocate resources efficiently. Sustaining technologies often require fewer resources and can be integrated into existing processes, whereas disruptive technologies may necessitate substantial investments in research, development, and market entry strategies. Understanding disruptive technologies allows managers to anticipate changes in the competitive landscape to enable market positioning. By identifying emerging trends and technologies, organizations can position themselves as early adopters or innovators, gaining a competitive edge. Also, Disruptive technologies help in risk management as they come with intrinsic uncertainty and probability of failure. Managers must assess the risks of adopting disruptive technologies and have contingency plans. Managers must contemplate the long-term sustainability of their products or services. Sustaining technologies prolong the relevance of existing offerings while ignoring disruptive technologies can lead to obsolescence. 3. Use the process visualization theory to discuss the likelihood for two processes of your choice to be performed digitally. Process visualization theory provides a valuable framework for evaluating the potential for digitizing specific processes. Two key processes, employee onboarding, and project management, can be analyzed through this lens to determine their suitability for digital transformation. Employee onboarding is a multifaceted process involving various stakeholders, documents, and compliance requirements. Several factors come into play when applying process

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7 visualization theory to this process. First, the complexity of employee onboarding can be simplified through visual representations, making it an ideal candidate for digital transition. Visualizing the process step by step can help new hires and relevant stakeholders navigate the intricacies of onboarding more effectively. Furthermore, employee onboarding involves multiple stakeholders, including HR, IT, and managers, each with specific roles and responsibilities (Varshney, 2022). Digitally visualizing these roles and their contributions through interactive diagrams and flowcharts can foster better collaboration and ensure that everyone involved understands their part in the process. Additionally, managing the documents required in the onboarding process can be streamlined digitally, reducing paperwork and enhancing efficiency. Compliance is critical to employee onboarding, with legal and regulatory requirements varying across regions and industries. Digital tools can incorporate real-time compliance checks, ensuring all necessary steps are followed, and documentation is up to date, thus minimizing compliance risks. Additionally, digital platforms can offer customizable training modules and orientation schedules, enhancing the onboarding experience for new employees. Considering these factors, process visualization theory suggests a high likelihood of employee onboarding being performed digitally. Digital platforms and tools can provide interactive, step-by-step guides, central document management, compliance tracking, and customizable training modules, aligning well with the principles of process visualization and offering efficiency and effectiveness benefits. Project management is another process that can significantly benefit from digital transformation, mainly when evaluated through process visualization theory. Project management entails various phases, tasks, and dependencies that demand clear visualization and

8 coordination. In project management, visualizing task dependencies and timelines is crucial. Digital tools can utilize Gantt charts and other visual representations to digitally map out project schedules, making it easier to identify critical paths and allocate resources effectively. Moreover, effective project management relies on seamless communication and collaboration among team members. Digital tools can provide real-time updates, discussion boards, and instant messaging features to enhance communication, aligning with process visualization theory's emphasis on clarity and information sharing. Resource allocation, including human resources and budgets, is central to project success. Digital platforms can offer interactive dashboards that provide a visual overview of resource allocation, helping managers make informed decisions. Progress tracking is equally vital in project management, and digital tools can offer features like progress bars, milestone tracking, and visual representations of completed tasks, allowing stakeholders to monitor the project's status at a glance. Finally, assessing potential risks and mitigation strategies is crucial to project management. Digital platforms can integrate risk assessment models and provide visual risk heat maps to proactively help teams identify and address potential issues. When assessed through process visualization theory, it becomes evident that project management aligns well with the principles of digital transformation. Digital project management tools visualize project timelines, task dependencies, resource allocation, progress tracking, and risk assessments, enhancing project coordination and decision-making. Consequently, digital project management is a practical and efficient choice, strongly supported by process visualization theory.

9 References Bahl, S., Singh, R. P., Javaid, M., Khan, I. H., Vaishya, R., & Suman, R. (2020). Telemedicine technologies for confronting COVID-19 pandemic: a review. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management , 5 (04), 547-561. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2424862220300057 Bag, S., & Pretorius, J. H. C. (2022). Relationships between industry 4.0, sustainable manufacturing and circular economy: proposal of a research framework. International Journal of Organizational Analysis , 30 (4), 864-898. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJOA-04-2020- 2120/full/html Bedford, Cara. “Disruptive Technology vs Sustaining Technology.” CompuVision, 6 May 2019, compuvision.biz/connections/disruptive-technology-vs-sustaining-technology/ Shalf, J. (2020). The future of computing beyond Moore’s Law. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A , 378 (2166), 20190061. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2019.0061 Varshney, D. (2022). Understanding virtual employee onboarding (VEO): the new normal and beyond. Emirati Journal of Business, Economics and Social Studies , 1 (1), 58-80. https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.54878/EJBESS.171

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10 Discussion Part 1: Case Study Do you agree with Peter Drucker's opening quote? I concur with Peter Drucker's perspective that traditional collegiate education will eventually give way to online education. This shift is primarily driven by the rapid technological advancements that have made online coursework a formidable competitor to traditional methods. The widespread accessibility of the Internet has removed geographical barriers, enabling individuals to access educational content effortlessly. Moreover, there has been democratization within higher education due to technology, enabling persons with time constraints and family responsibilities to acquire undergraduate or graduate degrees. Moreover, numerous people could attain degrees and bolster their knowledge and skills via flexible online options. One compelling advantage of online classes is their cost-effectiveness compared to traditional alternatives. Online education eliminates expenses related to physical classrooms and campuses, such as transportation and dormitory fees. Is the Internet a disruptive technology in the education industry in general? And for Ivey's School of Information Management in particular? Ivey's School of Information Management has adopted a global expansion strategy, targeting European, Asian, and South American markets. However, this expansion presents several challenges, including revenue generation, logistics, and maintaining quality standards at satellite campuses (Piccoli & Pigni, 2019). The emergence of online learning could disrupt the school's traditional model, as students worldwide might choose other institutions that offer distance learning if Ivey does not. On the flip side, embracing online education can also benefit Ivey's program by eliminating the need to establish physical campuses in distant markets and

11 tackling the problems above. By capitalizing on technology and allowing online programs, the school can tap into a broader international student base, potentially increasing its revenue significantly. Despite its reputation, quality control remains paramount to ensure that the online programs maintain their current standards of excellence. However, as seen with Ivy League schools in the United States, transitioning programs to an online curriculum can yield substantial benefits and help Ivey gain a larger global education market. Part 2 Discussion Responses Student #1: I appreciate your nuanced perspective on Peter Drucker's quote regarding the future of universities. Your viewpoint that universities may not disappear entirely but could experience lower enrollments in traditional programs aligns with the idea that digital disruption will lead to changes rather than complete extinction. Your experience as a working mother highlights the importance of online education in accommodating diverse circumstances. The concern about the quality and credibility of online education is valid and reflects the ongoing debate in the education sector. The perceived prestige of universities and recognized brands will likely play a role in students' decisions. Student #2: Your analysis of Peter Drucker's quote, considering the rising costs of traditional higher education and the burden of student loans, provides valuable context. It emphasizes the financial aspect of the disruption in the education industry. Your viewpoint on the demand for prestigious schools based on networking and connections is insightful, highlighting that some aspects of traditional universities are challenging to replicate online. A crucial observation is the

12 differentiation between fields where online education is suitable and those that require in-person experiences. Lastly, your mention of online learning platforms like Coursera and Udemy in comparison to traditional universities adds depth to the discussion. Student #3: Your response to Drucker's quote reflects a balanced perspective, acknowledging the potential impact of digital disruption while considering the value of in-person interactions and traditional campuses. The emphasis on research and breakthroughs within universities is essential, suggesting that universities serve purposes beyond teaching. Your recognition of the convenience of accredited online education for busy individuals resonates with many online learners' experiences. Moreover, your insights into disruptive innovation in the education industry and the adaptability of specific programs are thought-provoking, underlining the need for institutions to harness the opportunities and address challenges posed by digital disruption.

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13 References Piccoli, G., & Pigni, F. (2019). Information systems for managers: with cases (4th ed.). Burlington, VT: Prospect Press.

Chapter 4 Assignments

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