Cloud Computing

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Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi *

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Information Systems

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Cloud Computing Student Name Tutors Name Institutional Affiliations Course Date
2 Introduction The Information Technology sector has grown exponentially due to ever-increasing technological advancements. To represent a method of storing and distributing data often misconstrued as "the cloud," a new word has been coined. According to Abdel-Basset et al. (2018), because of its accessibility and simplicity, "the cloud" has become one of the individuals' most popular storage choices. Its usage is on the rise. Cloud computing's capabilities extend well beyond storage and include the distribution of computer resources such as networks, servers, applications, services, and processing. This is not widely known to the general public. Without question, cloud computing has become a popular choice for many firms in many different sectors due to its extensive possibilities. However, the future of cloud computing is only possible if existing problems with cloud computing accessibility and security are addressed. This article focuses on creating a web gateway for eBay hosted in a cloud environment. The assumptions in this article are that retailers have the option of listing their wares on the website, and in order to make purchases through the website, consumers do not need to know anything about the network, which is in the cloud. This article will explain how eBay chose a cloud computing architecture and how it was implemented in the company's infrastructure. Cloud Computing Processing resources, including computing power and data storage, are made available on-demand without the user having to actively manage them. The functions of large clouds are generally spread over numerous data centers. Increasing demand and decreasing prices have led to a dramatic surge in technological advancements. There has been a dramatic increase in global interest in and dissemination of knowledge since the first public usage of the Internet in 1989 ( Ahuja & Nisha, 2021). Ahuja & Nisha (2021) explains that there were 16 million users in 1995, and now there are almost 3.6 billion. Additionally, the functionality
3 of hardware devices has grown significantly and continues to outpace the prices associated with them. Companies will be able to reap the advantages of cloud computing more easily as it develops both economically and technologically. Some of the characteristics of cloud computing include: Cloud computing offers self-service whenever and wherever a client needs it There is no need for a service provider to be involved in cloud computing provisioning resources. Cloud service providers are not necessary for a production line when it needs more computer capacity. Whether it's a virtual machine instance, a database, or a storage space, this may be used. Self-service portals may be used by manufacturing businesses to see and manage their cloud accounts, and they can also provide and de- provision their cloud services if necessary. It offers access to a wide range of networks Various client platforms may utilize cloud computing resources, which are made accessible across the network. Another way of saying this is that the cloud services may be used through an ideal high-bandwidth communication connection such as a local area network the Internet, in the case of private clouds. Widespread network access and cloud computing rely heavily on network capacity and latency for QoS (quality of service) ( Mohammed & Zeebaree, 2021). In the industrial industry, this is very crucial. It enables resource sharing and multi-tenancy Cloud servers allow for a multi-tenant strategy. Customer safety and confidentiality may be preserved despite using the same applications or infrastructural facilities across several users. It is equivalent to people who share a residential building's structure to those
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4 who reside in the same property as that of the structure and have their own homes and their own privacy within it. Multi-customer service is achieved by using a single physical resource for many clients ( Mohammed & Zeebaree, 2021). Providers should have a wide and flexible pool of resources at their disposal to meet the needs of many different clients while also achieving economies of scale. Adaptability and scalability in a short time Several advantages of this approach include the ability to quickly offer computer resources as required by industrial enterprises, which is one of the most significant benefits. When they are no longer needed, they should be removed from the premises. Business needs may be met by dynamically scaling up or down cloud computing resources on-the-fly, in some situations on the automatic. In the cloud, it's a fundamental characteristic. For manufacturers, the ability to swiftly supply and de-provision cloud computing resources is a defining characteristic of the cloud computing model. Memory, virtualization software, and client applications may all benefit from rapid deployment and de-provisioning ( Ahuja & Nisha , 2021) . It is less expensive for cloud customers to use cloud computing since it can be scaled up and down as needed. These extra resources may be quickly provisioned by the cloud client, and they are ready to go as soon as they are required. Progress toward greater capacity is planned and gradual. A good example of this is the steady expansion of systems engineering' capacity, and the cloud is well equipped to manage this scaling up and down. Cloud elasticity is the ability to increase or decrease the number of resources available in the cloud at any given moment. To put it another way, imagine a manufacturing company suddenly requires extra computer capacity to do a complicated computation. A manufacturing company, on the other hand, must prepare ahead of time if it needs to provide database
5 identifiers for interacting components for a company engaged. As a result, it is more scalability-oriented than elastic. Testing of industrial apps is another advantage offered in the cloud that allows for quick flexibility and scaling. According to Ahuja & Nisha ( 2021), if a producer has to test a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system before it goes into production, instead of physically ordering and waiting for hardware to be supplied, they may have it up and operating in minutes instead. To put it another way: When manufacturing companies need to test anything on the cloud, it's costing them money. If they de-provision it, they won't have to pay for it anymore. For the sake of this project, there is no capital expenditure for computer resources. Cloud computing resources purchased by the cloud provider are being used instead by manufacturing companies. Useful for testing new ideas in smart manufacturing. Choice of Service Model – SaaS There are three service models that eBay could use in it could services, namely: Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS). Software as a Service offers access to and usage of Software without developing, deployment and administration, or maintenance of hardware or Software. Platform as a Service offers the infrastructure and services required to design and deploy Internet-based and mobile apps. Infrastructure as a Service gives virtual server environments that can be added, delivered to, and removed as on-demand scalable services. For eBay, I will choose the Software as a Service (SaaS) cloud computing models. Software as a Service (SaaS) strategy uses cloud infrastructure to distribute apps. A wide range of applications may be run on this service, from email to databases to payroll to anti-virus. Access to these apps is often granted through a program or an internet site. These services may be delivered relatively immediately, depending on the level of customization
6 required to meet the needs of the customer. A single configuration is often used for all clients in order to deploy a program. Per-use or subscription-based pricing models are the most common. Predictability of expenses is a major selling feature for SaaS. When it comes to pricing, the bulk of expenses come from on-premises hosted infrastructure. Enough hardware and infrastructure must be set up and configured before a firm can start deploying its Software and apps. Storage, processing components, physical storage space, backup power, and so on are all included here. In order to be ready for software/application hosting, a corporation may just need to acquire a few components, but there is still the issue of ongoing maintenance. Infrastructure and application maintenance need a full-time employee and a series of upgrades over time. With SaaS, small and medium- sized organizations may make use of the application they need without incurring the sometimes-unpredictable expenditures that come with ownership. A SaaS provider will take care of all of the maintenance, updates, and hosting for you when you use a SaaS program. According to Rashid & Chaturvedi (2019) , between 2011 and 2012, the number of firms planning to employ or supplement their present SaaS systems grew for practically every sort of application, from Learning Management to Enterprise Resource Planning. Even in such a short period of time, cloud SaaS has seen a considerable surge in demand. SaaS apps are used by service providers to ensure that they can continue to deliver relevant services to their customers. According to Rashid & Chaturvedi (2019) , to attract customers, software suppliers often tout the fact that their products are released more quickly than SaaS. Centralized hosting and a single configuration are to blame for this issue, despite the fact that a single application is utilized by a large number of people. Predefined modifications are common in SaaS services, allowing users to alter the "look and feel" of the program. Changes to the application's framework will very certainly never be implemented or permitted.
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7 Designing the cloud solution For eBay, the Software as a Service (SaaS) cloud solution will be designed and implemented through a ten steps approach as listed below. The first step will be to recruit and select a cloud migration architect. Migration architects are mostly in charge of identifying what refactoring is needed, coming up with data migration solutions, and figuring out how production will move over. Cloud architects are in charge of overseeing an organization's cloud computing architecture, which has become increasingly complicated as a result of advances in cloud computing technology. There are several aspects of cloud computing architecture that include front-end platforms, servers, data storage, and delivery, and networks that are necessary for cloud storage. Abdel-Basset et al. (2018), cloud architects are IT experts that know how to traverse complicated cloud settings, manage teams, design and execute cloud strategies and make sure cloud systems are always up to date and running smoothly. They also make sure cloud systems are always up to date and running smoothly. eBay cloud consulting engagements will benefit from migration architect executive polish and great communication skills, as well as their strong technical expertise and implementation experience. Each and every one of eBay's cloud computing engagements are going to have Cloud Migration Architects on board. It is the job of cloud migration architects to develop client cloud strategies and assist in moving workloads to their intended state in the cloud. Migration architects will work with a variety of customers to help them plan and implement private, hybrid, and multi-cloud deployments, from the formulation of a vision and strategy to the day-to-day management of these dynamic environments. During step two, eBay will choose the level of cloud integration it wants to implement. eBay will have the option of integrating the clouds shallowly or deeply. The phrase "rehosting" or the "forklift method" Shallow Cloud Migration is used to describe the technique of taking jobs and tasks through one storage site and relocating them to another,
8 often a cloud-based location. In comparison to alternative migration methods, Shallow Cloud Migration is quicker, easier, and less expensive to implement since it does not need any changes to the application architecture or code. To launch a Shallow Cloud Migration cloud strategy is also the quickest and least costly option for a business to move IT funds from capital expenditure to operating expenditure ( Mohammed & Zeebaree, 2021). In comparison with shallow migration, in deep migration, eBay has to adapt its application to make use of cloud-based features. Auto-scaling and dynamic load balancing might be all it takes, or it could be as advanced a serverless computing capability. A cloud-native framework may also be implemented as a result of Deep Cloud Integration in several circumstances. Even more particular cloud services might have their own versions of the app. Despite its complexity, deep cloud integration is definitely worth the investment. It is a time-consuming and resource-intensive undertaking ( Kanwal et al., 2021). In order to make the process easier, some firms even use Deep Cloud Integration in their business solutions. As a result, the integration process might take longer and need more resources. eBay's present application must be modified in order to make use of the cloud's essential features, making deep cloud integration the superior choice in this scenario. Step three will include making a decision on whether to implement a single or multi- cloud strategy. When it comes to the cloud, there is a common cloud fallacy out there that single-cloud solutions are superior to multiple cloud strategies in the long run. Like many other cloud computing myths, this one has its roots in systems that have been exposed to wrong configurations and bad architecture. Fithri et al. (2020) explain that the use of many clouds is not only beneficial, but it is also gradually becoming the norm. How well systems are created is more important than whether they use a single cloud or many. Customers may think that a multi-cloud strategy is disorderly since many companies have grown organically and have added several clouds to their present infrastructure in a haphazard way. Therefore,
9 when people say that one cloud approach is better than a multi-cloud structure. One cloud solution may leave a business with a great core platform but a few subpar extensions. Consequently, with a multi-cloud solution, users may choose among the finest options for their business without sacrificing quality ( Fithri et al., 2020). The option to select from a wide range of cloud services also encourages competition in the market. For any typical cloud issue, there may be hundreds or even thousands of workarounds available. For the eBay project, multi-cloud is the answer here. eBay must ensure that the application is cloud- agnostic, which means that it may operate on various providers at the same time or be divided among them to spread the burden. Due to the ease with which loads may be shifted, this gives suppliers greater leeway. The fourth step is to establish eBays cloud Key Performance Indicators. An application's success or failure can be gauged by looking at its KPIs or key performance indicators. Ahuja & Nisha ( 2021) explains that it is possible to quantify the health and success of a firm by using key performance indicators. In the correct context, they might serve as a useful guide to the success of your cloud transition and CCoE performance. In order to illustrate the benefit of the cloud, challenge the opposition to change, and decrease the amount of work required to justify cloud adoption, eBay needs the correct cloud KPIs at its disposal. It is possible that certain cloud KPIs will be unique to your particular company. Another set of tools will be those that you may have previously used to monitor the functioning of an on-premises data center. In the fifth step, eBay should measure and determine whether the application's performance will be satisfactory after the transfer. As the project progresses, tasks are completed, and the project manager organizes and retains the project's data in a centralized location. According to Odun-Ayo et al. (2018), the information gathered throughout the course of a project's lifecycle is utilized to convey its narrative. Values specified by the
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10 authorized work may be used as a baseline for comparative purposes. eBay may use it to direct and control the execution of their code so that the anticipated results are produced. When an eBay project manager uses a baseline to present that tale, the most accurate and meaningful narrative may be conveyed. At key times in the project, comparing the baseline value to the current value might help make important choices ( Butt et al., 2019). At some point, a direct influence on one of the three limitations will have an indirect impact on the others. Change management decisions are influenced by comparing baseline performance to actual performance. Should more scope be added in order to meet an earlier delivery date? Can the timeline be extended without increasing costs if the project is on a budget? Setting a baseline allows project managers to build a yardstick for evaluating performance via data- driven analysis and well-informed decision-making rather than just quantifying values. In step six, eBay will have to set its priorities. At this point, eBay is going to the cloud to get rid of outmoded and increasingly inefficient legacy infrastructures, such as aged servers or possibly unstable firewall appliances, or to get rid of outmoded hardware or software solutions. As a result, a large eBay will consider at least moving some all their operations to the cloud. eBay recognizes that cloud migration is essential to attaining real- time and updated performance and efficiency in the modern workplace. As a result, rigorous research, planning, and implementation are necessary to guarantee that the cloud solution meets eBay's needs. According to Joshi & Shah (2019) , in the process of deciding how to migrate to the cloud, it's crucial to keep in mind that getting there is just half of the equation. The difficult choice is whether to relocate the complete application at once or in segments. To keep the site open to both vendors and customers, eBay must relocate it piece by piece here. As a result, eBay will move the external services closer to the consumer to provide the highest possible level of availability
11 Step seven involves refactoring the existing eBay applications. When a workload is refactored, it is reimagined from scratch, taking into account all of the cloud services accessible to it on the target platform. Every area of the migrating workload may be affected by refactoring, including runtimes, programming languages, architectural style, data storage and representation, operational and observability procedures, and the rewriting of a major percentage of the code. Using AWS services instead of self-managed components and writing code in a contemporary, loosely-coupled microservices architecture are examples of cloud- optimization at its most extreme ( Joshi & Shah , 2019) . This is a difficult solution that delivers all of the refactoring's advantages in the future. More than any other way of migration, converting an application to be cloud-native unlocks all of the cloud's advantages. In order for the eBay cloud to perform correctly, any other apps that are used in conjunction with it must be moved. In step eight, the ultimate data switching will be undertaken. There is a lot more to cloud computing than just turning on a switch. A cloud migration plan is necessary. Typically, it takes a few months for a company to put out a strategy. Because they do not have access to their data, this is the case. eBay company's data strategy will, in turn, affects eBay's cloud approach. Before deciding on a cloud migration strategy, it is important to make sure all of eBay's business and data strategy stakeholders are on the same page. Thereafter, in data switching, eBay will make use of a one-way synchronization between an on-premise database and a cloud-based database but restrict customer access so they can only connect to the on-premise version until the cloud becomes the primary site for operations. Tiwari & Gangadharan (2021) explains that security is a big worry when moving to the cloud. On- premise and cloud server security features are quite different, although the overall security is similar. As a result, on-premises functions will not work in the cloud, and this is an important consideration. On-premises security rules and features should be a part of the eBay migration
12 plan. eBay will implement solutions that can give the same degree of security or compliance before eBay need it. Switch Production will be undertaken in step ten. Migrating data to the cloud is not as straightforward as flicking a switch, but it is a well-established procedure. It is possible to duplicate data between on-premises and cloud infrastructures until the organization is confident enough in the cloud platform's stability to stop using the on-premises infrastructure. Because of how and how often individuals use eBay, switching production will be done incrementally. There is a vast amount of data that is kept by businesses to comply with regulations or for future study ( Tiwari & Gangadharan , 2021) . eBay should invest in servers and storage media, network infrastructure, data center floor space, electricity, and management and maintenance personnel is required to store this data. Data archiving is an ideal option for a cloud transfer since it will not interrupt essential company processes and is expected to save costs with the minimum initial investment. eBay's obvious next step after archive data is to go on to active cloud platforms is to dip its toe into cloud data storage. When it comes to cloud computing, eBay will begin by shifting data related to its marketing activities. As soon as eBay has their data in the cloud, they can take advantage of the flexibility and low price of cloud computing by shifting your data analytics apps to the same platform. Step ten includes an evaluation of the cloud model. eBay resources will be constantly monitored to ensure that they are being used to their full potential. Using AI Platform Prediction's Continuous Evaluation, eBay may test your learned machine learning models on a regular basis. As a final step, the AI Platform Data Labeling Service assigns human reviewers to establish ground truth labels for your predictions, or you may provide your own ( Sohaib et al., 2019). Data Labeling Service checks the predictions of eBay models with the ground truth labels to offer continuous feedback on the performance of your model over time.
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13 Risks Associated with Implementation of SaaS model eBay risk evaluation will help in generating risk mitigation alternatives and activities that assist in maximizing opportunities and reducing risk connected with information systems when concerns are discovered early on. Scalability is the first area of concern. When employing an on-premise infrastructure, eBay may encounter capacity constraints. The capacity issue may be eliminated entirely with cloud technologies. A pay-as-you-go strategy is used by cloud service providers to give organizations with on-demand capacity. Alhenaki et al. (2019) explain that seasonality or growth will have no effect on your business. Businesses previously had to acquire a new server only when they encountered traffic levels that their current infrastructure could not handle. These servers, on the other hand, are not cost-effective at all. eBay may now change the amount of storage, processing power, and bandwidth they demand at any moment, thanks to the cloud. Cloud computing shift may be met by poor preventative security measures. Most businesses lack trained security specialists that can ensure your company's cloud move is completely secure. As a result, even the most basic of client causes might cause critical information to be leaked. Further, the SaaS model leads to increased time between actions or events ( Panda et al., 2021). One of the most threats hazards in cloud migration risk assessment is the potential of unintended latency. An application, database, or service hosted in the cloud may be to blame. IoT, online shopping, video streaming, and cloud gaming all rely heavily on latencies since they affect the whole user experience. If eBay has apps that need fast replies, a few seconds of delay might have a negative impact on its organization ( Vinoth et al., 2022). eBay brand's reputation may suffer as a result, which may be upsetting and discouraging all at once. This is a serious problem that might cost the company millions of dollars. There is a considerable danger of application downtime in the company, which
14 slows down business operations and has a negative influence on communication between employees. Another key issue is the risk of data loss due to system storage limitations when dealing with big amounts of data. The big data system is an excellent illustration of a system limitation. When data is not adequately protected, there is a risk of data loss inside the information system. In the long run, eBay will suffer greatly because of the theft of trade secrets. Many lawsuits might be brought about by the loss of data ( Kanwal et al., 2021). When an attacker exploits a weakness in the system and gains access to the database, the company might face legal implications. eBay must protect the privacy and integrity of its customers. eBay's systems are built to ensure that only the appropriate individuals have access to sensitive information. Consistency, correctness, and trustworthiness must be maintained throughout the data's life cycle. Additionally, eBay must ensure that its products are always available ( Vinoth et al., 2022). System maintenance, hardware repairs, and upgrades, as well as providing appropriate bandwidth and creating redundancy, are all necessary to avoid bottlenecks from forming. Conclusion A SaaS cloud computing paradigm will be included in the multi-cloud strategy used by e Bay. Our application will be cloud-agnostic, which means it may operate on different providers at the same time or distribute the load among them. This allows for more vendor flexibility because of the ease with which loads may be shifted. We have devised a ten-step approach to ensure a smooth move to the cloud, from establishing the migration architecture to conducting a production review. In order to implement this solution, merchants will need to use our site to list their products for sale with a transactional mindset in mind. Having a huge amount of storage and servers will necessitate the use of IaaS. All vendors must have access to POS software in order to keep track of their inventory and sales. In addition to
15 being open-source, E-Bay will enable APIs to be established quickly to meet any specific application a vendor may want. They are maintaining a level playing field for everyone in the marketplace. We've identified potential danger areas and put in place methods to mitigate them, and we'll keep an eye on them. Scalability, automatic updates, vendor responsibility for repair costs, storage, pay-per-use, fewer employees, the cheaper total cost of ownership mobility are some of the benefits of utilizing this multi-cloud method. As a result, eBay will be able to continue expanding and taking the lead in the e-commerce industry. References Abdel-Basset, M., Mohamed, M., & Chang, V. (2018). NMCDA: A framework for evaluating cloud computing services.   Future Generation Computer Systems ,   86 , 12- 29. Ahuja, S., & Nisha, T. N. (2021, July). A Conceptual Framework for Secure Cloud Migration. In   Journal of Physics: Conference Series   (Vol. 1964, No. 4, p. 042008). IOP Publishing. Alhenaki, L., Alwatban, A., Alamri, B., & Alarifi, N. (2019, May). A survey on the security of cloud computing. In   2019 2nd international conference on computer applications & information security (ICCAIS)   (pp. 1-7). IEEE. Butt, S. A., Tariq, M. I., Jamal, T., Ali, A., Martinez, J. L. D., & De-La-Hoz-Franco, E. (2019). Predictive variables for agile development merging cloud computing services.   IEEE Access ,   7 , 99273-99282. Fithri, D. L., Utomo, A. P., & Nugraha, F. (2020). Implementation of SaaS cloud computing services on E-learning applications (case study: PGRI foundation school). In   Journal of Physics: Conference Series   (Vol. 1430, No. 1, p. 012049). IOP Publishing.
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16 Joshi, N., & Shah, S. (2019). A comprehensive survey of services provided by prevalent cloud computing environments.   Smart intelligent computing and applications , 413- 424. Kanwal, I., Shafi, H., Memon, S., & Shah, M. H. (2021). Cloud Computing Security Challenges: A Review.   Cybersecurity, Privacy and Freedom Protection in the Connected World , 459-469. Mohammed, C. M., & Zeebaree, S. R. (2021). Sufficient comparison among cloud computing services: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS: A review.   International Journal of Science and Business ,   5 (2), 17-30. Odun-Ayo, I., Ananya, M., Agono, F., & Goddy-Worlu, R. (2018). Cloud computing architecture: A critical analysis. In   2018 18th international conference on computational science and applications (ICCSA)   (pp. 1-7). IEEE. Panda, D. R., Behera, S. K., & Jena, D. (2021). A Survey on Cloud Computing Security Issues, Attacks and Countermeasures. In   Advances in Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence   (pp. 513-524). Springer, Singapore. Rashid, A., & Chaturvedi, A. (2019). Cloud computing characteristics and services: a brief review.   International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering ,   7 (2), 421-426. Sohaib, O., Naderpour, M., Hussain, W., & Martinez, L. (2019). Cloud computing model selection for e-commerce enterprises using a new 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic decision- making method.   Computers & Industrial Engineering ,   132 , 47-58. Tiwari, D., & Gangadharan, G. R. (2021). SecAuth-SaaS: a hierarchical certificateless aggregate signature for secure collaborative SaaS authentication in cloud computing.   Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing ,   12 (12), 10539-10563.
17 Vinoth, S., Vemula, H. L., Haralayya, B., Mamgain, P., Hasan, M. F., & Naved, M. (2022). Application of cloud computing in banking and e-commerce and related security threats.   Materials Today: Proceedings ,   51 , 2172-2175.