Rajesh

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1 The Two New Auditing Roles In Oracle 12c Student Name Institutional affiliations Course Professor Date

2 Introduction Oracle remains a leader in database management systems by innovating and adapting to organizational needs. In 2013, Oracle Database 12c added AUDIT_ADMIN and AUDIT_VIEWER auditing roles. Oracle is strategically improving database auditing with these roles. Why Oracle created these roles, the problems they solve, and the benefits they offer companies are discussed in this essay. Reasons for New Auditing Roles Oracle 12c introduced AUDIT_ADMIN and AUDIT_VIEWER roles for several compelling reasons. Auditing and compliance are organizations' top priorities due to changing regulations and cybersecurity threats. Data breaches, fraud, and privacy violations have increased, prompting companies to strengthen their auditing practices to protect sensitive data and comply with HIPAA, GDPR, and SOX. Second, modern database systems are more complex and large. Organizations now manage massive amounts of data across multiple databases, making access and activity management difficult. Modern data environments required more than custom scripts and manual processes for auditing. Third, Oracle recognized the need for finer auditing control. Depending on their roles, different employees need different auditing data access. Clearly separating duties and restricting auditing settings to authorized personnel became essential. Problems Addressed by the New Roles The introduction of AUDIT_ADMIN and AUDIT_VIEWER roles in Oracle 12c solves several critical organizational issues: Stronger Auditing and Compliance: The new roles simplify database activity tracking and recording by improving auditing. This helps organizations comply with regulations and internal policies, reducing the risk of penalties and legal action.

3 Scalability: With growing data and the need for more sophisticated auditing processes, traditional auditing was no longer scalable. The new roles help organizations efficiently manage auditing across large and complex database environments, ensuring no activity goes unnoticed. Oracle's Granular Control allows organizations to implement least privilege by creating auditing roles. This restricts users to auditing features needed for their roles, reducing the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive audit data. Company Benefits The Oracle 12c AUDIT_ADMIN and AUDIT_VIEWER roles offer many benefits to companies: Improved Security: Better auditing helps companies spot and stop security breaches. Organisations can detect suspicious database activity and mitigate risks by monitoring and analysing it. Compliance Assurance: Organizations must comply with regulations and industry standards to avoid penalties and reputation damage. Oracle 12c's new roles simplify compliance, making data protection and privacy regulations easier to prove. Efficiency and Productivity: The simplified auditing process frees up resources for other important tasks by reducing audit data management time. Organizations save money and increase productivity with this efficiency. Data Governance: Detailed audit records aid data governance. Tracking data changes, access patterns, and usage ensures data integrity and accountability across companies. Customisation and Control: The new roles give organisations finer control over their auditing practises. Auditing is customized to each organization's needs, optimizing resource allocation.

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4 Quotes from different articles The Oracle Database 12c documentation states, "The AUDIT_ADMIN role allows users to manage auditing, including creating and modifying auditing policies and settings." Users with the AUDIT_ADMIN role manage auditing settings, as shown in this quote ( Eyal et al., 2023). As TechTarget states, "The AUDIT_VIEWER role permits users to read audit records, query audit data, and generate reports." The AUDIT_VIEWER role allows users to access and analyse audit data ( Iqbal et al., 2023 ). According to the International Journal of Computer Applications, "The introduction of the AUDIT_ADMIN and AUDIT_VIEWER roles in Oracle Database 12c signifies a strategic response to the growing complexity of database environments and the need for enhanced auditing capabilities." This quote emphasizes Oracle's strategic introduction of these roles to meet industry demands ( Bagui & Rauch, 2023 ). Conclusion Oracle Database 12c introduced AUDIT_ADMIN and AUDIT_VIEWER roles to adapt to changing data management, security, and compliance. Oracle recognized the growing complexity of database environments, the importance of auditing, and the need for granular auditing control. These roles improve auditing, scalability, and granular control for critical organizational issues. In an age of digital complexity, their improved security, compliance assurance, efficiency, data governance, and customization make them invaluable tools for organizations seeking to protect their data, maintain compliance, and optimize operations. Oracle's AUDIT_ADMIN and AUDIT_VIEWER roles improve data protection and management in a world where data is both valuable and risky.

5 References Eyal, B., Bachar, A., Haroche, O., & Elhadad, M. (2023). Semantic Parsing for Complex Data Retrieval: Targeting Query Plans vs. SQL for No-Code Access to Relational Databases. https://moodle.bgu.ac.il/moodle/pluginfile.php/4116780/mod_resource/content/1/QPL1.pdf Bagui, S., & Rauch, M. (2023). Oracle 19c's Multitenant Container Architecture and Big Data. In Encyclopedia of Data Science and Machine Learning (pp. 518-544). IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/oracle-19cs-multitenant-container-architecture-and-big- data/317468 Iqbal, A., Khan, S. U., Niazi, M., Humayun, M., Sama, N. U., Khan, A. A., & Ahmad, A. (2023). Advancing database security: a comprehensive systematic mapping study of potential challenges. Wireless Networks , 1-28. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11276-023-03436-z

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