Operations Managemen Assignment 5- Nishitha Chowdary
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Operations Management- Assignment 5
1. Why is it necessary to document a product explicitly?
Ans: Providing explicit documentation has two purposes:
first, it gives the information required to generate the product.
second, it serves as a foundation for identifying and fixing any issues that may arise if the produced
product fails to meet expectations. Additionally, configuration management helps shield against audit
results.
4. Once a product is defined, what documents are used to assist production personnel in its
manufacture?
Ans: Once a product is selected, designed, and ready for production, production is assisted by a variety
of documents. We will briefly review some of these.
Assembly drawing
: It is usually a three-dimensional drawing, known as an isometric drawing; the
relative locations of components are drawn in relation to each other to show how to assemble the unit
The assembly chart shows in schematic form how a product is assembled. Manufactured components,
purchased components, or a combination of both may be shown on an assembly chart. The assembly
chart identifies the point of production at which components flow into subassemblies and ultimately into
a final product.
Route sheet
: It lists the operations necessary to produce the component with the material specified in
the bill of material. The route sheet for an item will have one entry for each operation to be performed
on the item. When route sheets include specific methods of operation and labor standards, they are
often known as process sheets.
Work order:
It is an instruction to make a given quantity of a particular item, usually to a given schedule.
The ticket that a waiter writes in your favorite restaurant is a work order. In a hospital or factory, the
work order is a more formal document that provides authorization to draw items from inventory, to
perform various functions, and to assign personnel to perform those functions.
Engineering change notices (ECNs):
It change some aspect of the product’s definition or documentation,
such as an engineering drawing or a bill of material. The method used to precisely identify a product's
planned and evolving configurations as well as to maintain control and accountability over changes is
known as
configuration management.
5. What is Concurrent Engineering and why is it considered to be adopted by companies?
Ans: Concurrent engineering has long-term advantages for businesses as a business strategy. Long-term
benefits stem from the competitive advantage, even though initial implementation may be difficult. It
makes it possible to design a product correctly the first time around, obviating the need for numerous
design reworks.
Adopting concurrent engineering is a compelling strategy due to its notable business benefits.
Concurrent engineering introduction can result in:
Competitive Advantage: Businesses who cut their time to market have an advantage over rivals.
Increased Productivity: Potential problems can be fixed sooner rather than later in the development
process when design flaws are discovered early.
Cut Down on Design and Development Time: Provide products that are more affordable and faster to
produce while still meeting customer demands.
7. Describe four organizational approaches to product development. Which of these is generally
thought to be best?
Ans: The traditional
U.S. approach
to product development is an organization with distinct departments:
a research and development department to do the necessary research; an engineering department to
design the product; a manufacturing engineering department to design a product that can be produced;
and a production department that produces the product. The distinct advantage of this approach is that
fixed duties and responsibilities exist.
A second and popular approach is to assign a product manager to “
champion
” the product through the
product development system and related organizations.
one product manager manages the product
moving through the system for product management and other related organizations.
The third, and possibly best, product development approach used in the United States appears to be the
use of teams
. Product development teams, design for manufacturability teams, and value engineering
teams are all examples of such teams.
The
Japanese use
is
a fourth approach. They avoid the team problem by not dividing organizations into
R&D, engineering, and production, for example. These activities are all in one organization, which is
consistent with the Japanese style of group effort and teamwork.
Japanese culture and management style are more collegial, with less structured organizations than in
most Western countries. As a result, the Japanese believe that having "teams" provide the necessary
communication and coordination is unnecessary. The typical Western approach, and conventional
wisdom, is to use teams.
8. Explain what is meant by robust design.
Ans:
A robust design is one in which minor variations in production or assembly do not have a negative
impact on the product. Lucent, for example, created an integrated. A circuit that could be used to
amplify voice signals in a variety of products. As originally intended, to avoid variations in the strength of
the circuit, it had to be manufactured at a high cost. The signal. However, after testing and analysing the
design, Lucent engineers discovered that if the circuit's resistance was reduced—a minor change with no
associated costs—and the circuit would be far less sensitive to variations in manufacturing. As a result,
there was a 40% increase in quality.
9. What are three specific ways in which computer-aided design (CAD) benefits the design engineer?
Ans: Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers to design products interactively and create
engineering documentation. Three-dimensional drawing is used in CAD to save time and money by
shortening development cycles for almost all products.
Three specific ways in which computer-aided design (CAD) benefits the design engineer are:
1.
It assists in the upholding of various engineering standards.
2.
It is useful to check the dependence of parts that must match together.
3.
It helps in the efficient analysis of new and innovative creative designs for technical attributes or
features such as stress, strength, and heat transfer.
14. Explain how the house of quality translates customer desires into product/service attributes.
Ans: House of quality is a part of the quality function deployment process that utilizes a planning matrix
to relate customer “wants” to “how” the firm is going to meet those “wants.” It is essentially a house-
shaped diagram. The diagram can define the various relationships that may emerge between the
product's capabilities and the desires of the customer. The diagram is comprised of a planning matrix
that can relate what attributes a customer desires in a product/service to what the company can do to
meet these desires.
HOQ translates customer desires by first compiling a list of customer needs based on their feedback.
These needs are then ranked in order of importance. Following that, the customer's requirements will be
listed based on their needs. The user will then assess the relationship between each of these customer
requirements and determine the relative importance of each requirement. Customer feedback from the
company's competitors is also considered. These statistics can be used to compare the company's
performance to that of others. The purpose of the HOQ is to assist its users in determining the necessary
performance targets for each customer requirement listed at the outset.
16. What is a process chain?
Ans: A process chain is a series of processes that run in the background while waiting for an event. Some
of these processes cause a separate event, which can then start other processes. It includes several
connectors that enable alternative and parallel process execution.
The abstract definition of process as any process flow with a defined start and end point allows for
flexibility in the types of processes that can be integrated into a process chain. The principle of openness
is applied to process chains to implement user-defined programs and processes. You can also include
process chains within other process chains.
18. Think of three products or services that employ:
a) Interchangeability
b) Standardisation
c) Modular design
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Ans:
Smartphones:
a) Interchangeability: Interchangeable batteries and cases.
b) Common charging ports (for example, USB-C) and SIM card sizes.
c) Modular Design: Repair and upgrade components that are modular.
Restaurants:
a) Interchangeability: Menu items in combo meals that can be swapped out.
b) Standardization: Recipes and portion sizes that are consistent.
c) Modular Design: Kitchen layouts that are modular for efficient food preparation.
Clothing Stores:
a) Interchangeability: The ability to mix and match clothing items.
b) Standardization: Consistent product sizing.
c) Modular Design: Fashion collections that are coordinated for easy outfit creation.