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Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
Laboratory 2 – Human motor performance assessment
Data analysis and discussion
Student name: ________
Madison Miller
_____________
Section:___
0101
____
Instruction to generate and submit the lab report
Please read and follow carefully the instructions below
The present document states the questions you will include on your Response sheet for Lab 1.
Please remember that this lab report is an
individual assignment
You will turn in your Response
Sheet in PDF format AND your finished Excel sheet in “.xlxs” format to Canvas before your
next lab period begins. You must turn in both documents to get credit for the assignment.
Failure
to submit both before the deadline will result in a grade of 0.
Your work will include inputting and processing the data given to you in the Lab 1-Data.xlsx file
on Canvas to answer the questions on the Lab 1 Assignment document. Most of the time you will
have to create figures (graphs) or a data table in addition to your written responses. For data
processing and calculations, you will use the Data file mentioned above (provided on ELMS) to
input the data collected and derive the required measures. For the calculation questions, please
include the appropriate Excel tables into the provided Response sheet. Any figures will also be
created in the Excel file. For the questions asking for figures, please include each figure as a
picture with appropriates captions, legends and labels.
• Once the work is done and you are ready to turn it in the response document into a PDF file.
The
PDF
must
be
titled
with
the
last
name
and
lab
number
such
as
“Lastname_LabReport_LabX.pdf” (for example the Lab 1 Response sheet for the student John
Doe will be “Doe_LabReport_Lab1.pdf”). Use ‘_’ instead of spaces.
• In addition, the Excel file should be renamed “Lastname_ExcelCalc_LabX.xlsx” (for example
the Lab 1 report for the same student John Doe will be “Doe_ExcelCalc_Lab1.xlsx”).
• Then, once both your PDF file and Excel file are ready to be submitted, please upload them to
ELMS and submit all documents as one submission before your next lab period.
• Double check that the correct files were submitted. Submitting the incorrect documents will
result in a grade of 0 for the assignment.
If you have any questions, please contact your TA.
1
Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
1/ Data analysis and discussion (9 points)
Performance outcome measures computation
Question 1:
(6.75 points)
Q1.A: Completed Table 1
Points: 2.30
Q1.B Completed Table 2
Points: 2.30
2
Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
Q1.C Completed Table 3
Points: 2.15
Performance process measures computation
Question 2:
(2.25 points)
Q2.A Reminder to complete Table 4 in Excel, do not
include here in Response sheet.
Points: 1.25
Q2.B Completed Table 5 (include in Response
sheet and Excel)
Points: 1
2/ Discussion of the results (11 points)
Q3-Q6: Performance comparison between shooters (5 ft condition ONLY) (5.5 points)
Q3.A Written response
Points: 0.5
3
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Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
It appears that Shooter 1 had the highest percentage of target hits in the 5 ft condition as
obtaining a perfect hit percentage of 100% . Based on this, I would say that they are the most
skilled of the two subjects in regards to this specific condition as their accuracy zone was an
average of a 9, while the accuracy zone average for Shooter 2 was 7.20. As a result, this proves
Shooter 1 was nearly on point with every dart they had thrown in each trial to the target zone.
Q3.B Written response of at least 2 sentences
Points: 1
I would say the measure of the dichotomous hit/ miss (throwing a dart to a specific target area) is
an accurate way to collect data regarding motor performance. This is because as it does allow to
key down on the shooter’s form in assessing the different components of motor performance
outcome like how much time it takes to throw the dart at 5 or 10 ft, any errors that occur (missing
the board), and number of trials completed (5 for each condition) in relation to the targeted area.
In the case of throwing a magnetic dart, I can say one flaw of this measure is that the dart may
not fully stick to the board and/or bounce off, yet I believe this can be beneficial in relation to
analyzing performance production measure in understanding the force generated behind the
throw (too hard/ slow) and the linear displacement of the dart to the target (in a straight line).
Thus, this type of test can help solve the shooter’s overall dichotomy in using the number of hit /
miss and multiply by 100 to get a final hit score.
Q4 Written response of at least 3 sentences
Points: 1
Shooter 2 appeared to have the smallest Absolute error since their AE(x) average was roughly
0.60, meanwhile Shooter 1 had a higher Absolute error value of 0.80. However, when looking at
the smallest calculations for RE and CE the results reveal that Shooter 1 had the lowest. This is
because Shooter 1 had a low RE average of 1.23 while Shooter 2 obtained an RE value of 2.19.
Similarly, Shooter 1’s CE average was very low at roughly -0.40 as opposed to Shooter 2 who
had an average of 0.00. Considering this, these variables would reveal that Shooter 1 had the ‘best
performance’.
Q5 Written response of at least 3 sentences
Points: 1.5
4
Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
Variable Error [VE] is the measure of how much variable there is in terms of accuracy and is
based around the dispersion of the error. Meanwhile AE, CE, and RE analyzes the amount of
error whether regardless of direction (deviation from target), with specific direction (magnitude),
or within two dimensions. With this, the other measures focus on performance outcomes either
missing the average/normal range, or overshooting/ undershooting when aiming for the target.
Considering this, there are other key differences between VE and the other measures. For
example, VE criterion focuses on the consistency in performance that is measured through
standard deviation. Then, AE is the measure of performance that analyzes averages across various
trials. Next, CE calculates bias found within the performance outcomes (over/under). Lastly, RE
takes the components of averages computed from AE and disputes them across both the X and Y
in evaluating results across two dimensions.
Question 6:
(
1.5 points
) Analysis of movement smoothness
Q6.A Written response
Points: 0.75
The process measure that assesses movement smoothness is Jerk. The process in finding jerk
involves taking the change in acceleration over (divide) the change in time.
Q6.B Written response
Points: 0.75
As acknowledging that Jerk assesses movement smoothness, it appears that Shooter 2 had the
smoother arm movement when throwing the dart. This is because although Shooter 1 had the
highest total jerk value for condition 5 being 2756565.54, the highest value correlates to the overall
lowest smoothness in movements when throwing the dart. Therefore, since Shooter 2 obtained a
total jerk value of 1677483.47 that was lower than Shooter 1, this indicates that their movements
were smoother when throwing the dart.
Q7-Q10: Performance comparison between the 5 ft and 10 ft condition [5.5 points]
Q7 Written response
Points: 0.5
5
Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
The condition that has the highest percentage of target hits was the 5 ft. condition. This can be
thoroughly understandable as throwing at a closer distance will result in a better performance
outcome. Thus, in the case of this trial, with Shooter 1 having a 100% hit average and Shooter 2
having a 60% hit average the grand average totaled to 80.00. This being much better than the 10 ft.
condition that obtains a grand average of 50.00.
Question 8:
(
1.5 points
) Analysis using error computations
Q8.A Written response of at least 3 sentences
Points: 0.75
As comparing the grand average data calculated in Table 3, it reveals that Condition 5 ft. had an
Absolute Error value of 0.70, a Radial Error value of 1.71, and a Constant Error value of -0.20. As
for Condition 10 ft., it obtained an Absolute Error value of 1.65, a Radial Error value of 3.24, and a
Constant Error value of -0.45. With this being said, it can be reasonable to state that condition 5 ft.
has the best performance. This is because Condition 5 had low values of AE/RE and a high value of
CE, while Condition 10 had a low value of CE, but two high values of AE/RE. Thus, the lower
values means less of an error rate prevailing that Condition 5 has the better overall performance
outcome.
Q8.B Written response
Points: 0.75
Using the grand average data in Table 3, it reveals that the condition 5 ft has a higher consistency
regarding the X-dimension. This is because when looking at condition 5 error values of AE: 0.70, RE:
1.71, and CE: -0.20, all the numbers are relatively in close proximity in proving that there was much
more consistency between the two participants in hitting the targets during this trial. Moreover, as
comparing the error values on condition 10 of AE: 1.65, RE: 3.24, and CE: -0.45, the numbers are
pretty much all over the place in relating to the two participants being inconsistent in their ability/
movements to throw the dart accurately in hitting the target spot.
Question 9:
(
1.5 points
) Arm kinematics analysis
Q9.A Figure 1 with caption and reasonable
legends/labels
Points: 0.5
6
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Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
7
Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
Figure 1:
Reveals the relationship between Velocity (Vx) and Acceleration (Ax) of the two different
participants within Condition 5 ft. and Condition 10 ft. The blue line (velocity), and orange line
(acceleration) correlate to the time (s) it took to throw each dart within 5 trials for each condition.
Q9.B Figure 2 with caption and reasonable
legends/labels
Points: 0.5
8
Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
Figure 2:
Reveals the relationship between both Condition 5 ft. and Condition 10 ft. for Peak Velocity,
Peak Acceleration, and Total Jerk. The X- axis represents the different conditions with Condition 5
being blue, and Condition 10 being orange. The Y- axis represents the Grand Average values for
Velocity, Acceleration, and Jerk.
Q9.C Written response of at least 2 sentences
Points: 0.5
As referring to the graphs in 9B, the peak velocity, peak acceleration, and Jerk between the two
conditions, results show that Condition 10 have a better overall grand average for both peak velocity
being 9.53, and peak acceleration being 152.13. Meanwhile, the peak values for Condition 5 were much
lower as the Peak Velocity was 6.78, and with the Peak Acceleration being 95.01. On the other hand,
Condition 5 had a better overall grand average for Jerk as being 2,217,024.51 while the average Jerk for
Condition 10 was a lower value of 444,008.41.
Question 10:
(
2 points
) Relate arm kinematics and error analysis.
Q10.A Written response of at least 3
sentences
Points: 1
9
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Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
As choosing one process measure being jerk (the movement of smoothness), and one outcome
measure being accuracy (error scores to measure performance difference from criterion) their
relationship reveals that the higher an individual’s jerk is, then the more accurate they will be when
hitting a specific target. As looking at tables 3 and 5, this becomes apparent as revealing that within
Condition 5 both participants obtained a higher jerk value of roughly 2217024.51 which correlates to
both participants error scores (AE, RE,CE) being much lower, and their % hit average being 80.00. As
for condition 10, both participants obtain an average jerk value of roughly 444008.41 (found in table
5) that is much lower as compared to Condition 5. This very well correlates with the error values of
AE, RE, and CE (found in table 3) within this condition as they are much higher and not as consistent,
and their % hit average being 50.00 which is much lower than Condition 5. Thus, this proves the
relationship that a higher jerk value will determine the accuracy of hitting a specific target.
Q10.B Written response of at least 2 sentences
Points: 1
Outcome and process measures are useful in assessing the performance of individuals in regards to
performance optimization as it helps ensure the quality of the athletes movements and skills gives
them the highest ability to succeed in their sport. For example, for a baseball pitcher to excel on his
team and in the league he needs to understand his current skill performance and evaluate what he must
work on/ compare the stats of other pitchers to progress forward. Thus, a process measure like jerk is
useful in analyzing the smoothness of movements when going through the different stages of pitching
(wind-up, cock back, release) as a smooth finish will help enable better pitches on target, while
learning to reduce strains put on the dominant throwing arm. As for outcome measures, accuracy &
error values are useful in dictating how far off the pitcher is when aiming for his target (whether down
the middle, on the corners, etc.) and can help the pitcher determine/ evaluate how to readjust his
movements in regards components of distance, timing, and speed to ensure the final release of the ball
doesn’t “overshot/ undershot” the criterion target in being a poor pitch.
APPENDIX 1 – Error computation equations
1) Dichotomous hit / miss
Each trial is coded as either a ‘hit’ or ‘miss’ with respect to the desired target. By dividing the
total number of trials by the number of ‘hits’ (and multiplying by 100), one can compute a
percentage of the number of ‘hits.’
2) Zones of accuracy
3) Absolute error (AE)
10
Motor Control and Learning (KNES 385) – Laboratory #2 (Assignment 2)
AE is a measure of the absolute distance between the object and the target. The following
formula is used to compute a composite AE score:
4) Radial error (RE)
RE is analogous to AE but is appropriate for two-dimensional tasks. The following formula is
used to compute a composite RE score:
5) Constant error (CE)
CE represents magnitude of error in a specific direction. The following formula is used to
compute a composite CE score:
6) Variable error (VE)
VE is a measure of the variability (i.e., distribution) of performance outcomes. This can be better
conceptualized as a measure of consistency, where a larger VE represents decreased consistency.
One such example of a VE is the standard deviation. The following formula is used to compute a
composite VE score:
11