Hist 260 Ch 5-Jacqueline L.
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History 260: Chapter 5
Ancient China
Name:
Jacqueline LaCombe
1.) What isolated China (and all of East Asia) from the rest of the world?
It was marked off by high mountains, deserts along its northwester, western, and southwestern borders
separated them from other cultural centers.
2.) What are some of things he mythical pre-Xia “god-emperors” are credited with inventing?
Fire, agriculture, animal domestication, the calendar, writing, and flood control.
3.) What things may have come to China from west Asia?
Wheat, and later donkeys, alfalfa, grapes, and some elements of mathematics
4.) What things came to China much earlier from Southeast Asia (via South China)?
Rice, water buffalo, chickens, and pigs.
5.) What four metals did Chinese mix together to form the technical perfection and beauty of Shang bronzes?
Copper, tin, lead, and zinc.
6.) Where was the Shang political domain probably limited to?
The central Yellow River floodplain
7.) Besides horses, what living beings were sacrificed in Shang tombs?
Tens or even hundreds of followers buried with them as human sacrifices. Other items they valued and could
be of use in the afterlife as well.
8.) Where has the only Shang writing from the time been found incised on?
Tens or even hundreds of followers, buried as human sacrifices.
9.) What is the great agricultural advantage of the semi-dry northern China?
Its highly fertile loess soil (wind-laid alluvium), which is also easily worked, and the level expanse of the largely
treeless plain, allowing easy transport and exchange.
10.) Who, originally, were the Zhou (most likely)?
Tough frontiersmen who guarded the western frontier in the Wei Valley.
11.) About 1050 BCE, what had the Zhou done?
They acquired most of Shang culture and technology.
12.) How were emerging states around north China linked to the Zhou king?
By oaths of loyalty that acknowledged him as sovereign.
13.) In Zhou times, what was most writing now done with?
Using brush and ink on silk or on strips of bamboo.
14.) What was the result of the spread of iron tools?
Irrigation spread and more and more land was brought under cultivation.
15.) Agricultural surplus during the Zhou freed more of the population to do what kinds of jobs?
Artisans, transport workers, soldiers, officials, scholars, and merchants.
16.) As prosperity grew, how did the Zhou vassals evolve?
Toward separate statedom, each with its distinctive and regional culture
17.) What was done to guard the northwest borders after the 771 BCE sack of the Wei valley and the move of
the Zhou capital to Luoyang?
When the Zhou king was killed, his son was appointed and installed as king in a better-protected capital at
Luoyang. To guard that northwest border the old Zhou base in the Wei Valley was given as a fief (a grant of
land) to a loyal noble of the Qin (pronounced "chin") clan.
18.) How was the state of Chu in the south (on the Yangzi or Changjiang) different in character?
The size and importance of its merchant group and the role of water borne trade and towns in its economy.
Chu evolved from the earlier Shang pattern, where power was held by hereditary landowning nobility and
where agriculture worked by slaves or serfs was virtually the sole source of wealth. It was also a naval power.
19.) What new weapon soon developed in China?
Crossbow
20.) What kind of money was soon being commonly used?
Bronze and copper coins
21.) What did Confucius (Kong Fuzi) make a career out of?
Teacher and periodically a consultant or counselor to various feudal lords.
22.) According to the textbook author, what is the basic message of all Confucius’ teachings?
People can be molded and elevated by education and by the virtuous example of superiors. "Civilized" people
so formed will want to do what is morally right, rather than merely expedient, and, hence, will preserve the
"harmony" of society, which is what distinguishes humans from animals.
23.) What is the Confucian model man like?
An upright, educated man who unswervingly pursues the right moral course whatever the consequences, even
at the expense of his own self-interest.
24.) In 221 BCE which two regions were united for the 1
st
time in Chinese history (by Qin Shi Huangdi)?
Northern China and the Yangzi Valley
25.) What systems did the Qin abolish in all the states that were conquered?
Primogeniture (the eldest son inherits all of his father’s property and status), as well as slavery except for
minor domestic servants.
26.) Besides currency, what had to be unified to make the separate cultures and states into one empire?
Weights, measures, and forms of writing.
27.) What actually made the Great Wall often ineffective?
Its intention was to prevent nomadic incursions; however the end runs around it and the intrigues that opened
the gates made it quite permeable. It was also was difficult to distinguish friend from foe, harmless traders or
travelers from troublemakers or invaders, or even political invaders.
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28.) What did his control over mass labor lead the ambitious 1
st
Emperor (Qin Shi Huangdi) to plan?
More projects of monumental scope, such as the road system, the new canals (used to transport troops and
their supplies as well as for irrigation), and his magnificent palace and tomb, in addition to fresh conquests.
29.) Who did Qin Shi Huangdi persecute and supposedly bury alive?
Intellectuals
30.) What did he order the burning of (which he became most criticized for by later scholars)?
Books that could promote undesirable thoughts, which consisted of most books besides practical manuals and
the official Qinchronicles.
31.) What did the philosophy of Legalism come to embody?
The Qin policies of tight state control over everything
32.) What was the hydraulic engineer Li Bing’s diversion of the Min River credited with doing for the people?
Designing and constructing the famous Dujiangyan irrigation works in wester Sichuan. His irrigation works is
reputed to have saves millions of people on the Chengdu Plain from drought and famine ever since.
33.) What happened in 206 BCE?
Rebel armies occupied the capital and burned the emperor's splendid new palace
34.) What did Liu Bang (Han Gaozu) abolish?
Controls on travel, education, and thought.
35.) What was the “ever-normal” granary?
The last measure by emperor Wudi, was intended to prevent famine by state collection of grain in good years
or surplus areas for sale at low, controlled prices when lean years came.
36.) In 111 BCE who did Han Wudi begin conquests against?
Yue in the Fujian and Guangzhou areas
37.) In 109 – 108 BCE what did Han Wudi conquer?
Southern Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean peninsula
38.) What did Han Wudi plant (build up) in areas conquered from the Xiongnu and along the Silk Road?
Chinese military colonies and garrisons in those areas and along the Silk Road, which is still marked by ruined
Han watchtowers.
39.) What did Han Wudi do in 139 BCE?
He sent and ambassador westward, a courtier named Zhang Qian, to try to make an alliance against the
Xiongnu and to scout out the country more generally.
40.) What was the relationship (if any) between ancient Rome, Mauryan India, and the Han Chinese empire?
They were largely ignorant of one another, except for travelers’ tales.
41.) What famous (Confucian) edict did Han Wudi issue?
The censors finally convinced Wudi that he had neglected this basic precept and persuaded him to issue a
famous penitential edict apologizing for his excesses and promising to be a better ruler, more deserving of the
mandate of Heaven-and less likely to be overthrown by rebellion.
42.) How was the scholar-gentry class of China constantly being enriched by “new blood”?
The famous Chinese imperial civil service system recruited men of talent, schooled in classical Confucian
learning, to hold office through competitive examination regardless of their birth.
43.)
What four things did Confucius stress that may have helped develop effective government service (at
least better than most states in the history of the world)?
His stress on duty, learning, "human-heartedness;' and virtue
44.) Whose power did the “usurper” Wang Mang try to curb?
landlord power and oppression
45.) What happened in 220 CE (AD)?
The last Han emperor abdicated.
46.) Name five Chinese inventions (first invented in China)?
Paper, early form of porcelain, water-powered mills, silk, and wheelbarrow.
47.) What did Ban Gu (and his sister Ban Zhao) compile for the first three quarters of the Han Dynasty?
History of the Han Dynasty
and
Admonitions for Women
, a handbook for her daughters that became a
standard reference for proper Confucian behavior.
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