HIST 2010-Final Tests

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CHAPTER 8 The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 Tried to silence the Democratic-Republicans in the election of 1800. Increased the number of years immigrants had to live in the United States before becoming citizens. Gave the president the authority to deport suspicious aliens. Each statement is accurate. Approximately how many amendments to the Constitution did state ratifying conventions recommend? 200. Disagreements between the United States and Spain over ownership of land located west of the Appalachian Mountains Ignored Indians' claims to the territory. Why did some Americans, southerners in particular, oppose Jay's Treaty? It favored merchant classes but increased expenses for everyone. Because the Constitution did not mention such an entity as a national bank, the Treasury secretary's recommendation is an example of what? An implied power. Why did the Democratic-Republicans hesitate to challenge the Alien and Sedition Acts before the Supreme Court? The Court was dominated by Federalist justices. According to the Treaty of Greenville, signed August 3, 1795, Indians ceded most of modern Ohio and part of Indiana in return for a federal annuity. Following the depression of the 1780s, American merchants Sought new markets in Asia. Finally managed to reestablish their international trade. Recreated a stronger American economy that allowed for profits to be reinvested in such things as factories. Each statement is accurate. What did Congress seek to accomplish with passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789? The creation of a federal court system with limited power. The Quakers, Baptists, and Methodists

Spoke out against slavery. The First Amendment to the Constitution Protected citizens against congressional interference with freedom of religion, speech, the press, or assembly. President Washington faced many problems in his first term in office, but the most basic problem was Creating a government strong enough to gain the loyalty of its citizens but not so strong as to alienate them. How did most white Americans regard slavery by 1790? As an immoral institution, even if they were not prepared to embrace a racially mixed society. How did the Constitution recognize and protect slavery in states in which it was established? The three-fifths compromise provided for counting slaves for representation in Congress and in the Electoral College. The election of 1796 was won by John Adams. What was the first challenge of the Congress when it convened in the spring of 1789? Raising money for the expenses of the government. Which of the following statements does not characterize American slavery and cotton agriculture between 1790 and 1830? The number of slaves in Maryland almost doubled. General Anthony Wayne's victory in 1794 and Jay's and Pinckney's treaties in 1795 resulted in all of the following except All military and political problems between the United States and England were solved. Secretary Knox argued that Indian tribes Should be regarded as foreign entities. Allies of Hamilton and supporters of the administration's policies adopted what name to demonstrate their commitment to union and the new government? Federalist Party. Hamilton's plan called for the federal government to Exchange obligations of indebtedness at face value for new federal bonds. What was George Washington's goal in international affairs? Question 9 options:

To extend commercial relations with other nations but limit political involvement. What prompted the formation of the Democratic Republican Societies? The French Revolution. What did women usually receive in the rare case of divorce? Little more than their clothes. Southern states mostly opposed Secretary Hamilton's plan to settle previous debts because Most had paid their debts and did not want to pay debts of northern states as well. What was the attitude of Secretary of War Henry Knox toward Indian claims to land west of the Appalachian Mountains? Indians had rights to the soil not affected by a treaty between England and the United States. CHAPTER9 What was the Waltham system? The integration of textile production from fiber to finished clothes. What innovation made the most dramatic difference to transportation in antebellum travel? The steam engine. After the United States declared war with England for a second time in a generation, American forces Invaded Canada but were repulsed. The Americans' greatest military victory, ironically achieved after the War of 1812 had officially ended, was Andrew Jackson's defeat of a British invasion of New Orleans. What prompted Jefferson to consider federal spending on education and infrastructure? His desire for industrial development. His fear of a British invasion. His concern about the new western territories. The prospect of a federal surplus. Question 19 1 / 1 point In 1804 President Jefferson sent an expedition led by _____________ to investigate the northern portion of land purchased from France.

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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Western Americans clamored for war because they believed that British agents stirred up Indian unrest in the West to block American expansion. What rule of law was upheld in the case of Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819), a case concerning the charter of Dartmouth College? Rights of contract. How did the election of 1800 change the U.S. Constitution? The Twelfth Amendment established party tickets for the election of president and vice president. How did Judge John Marshall use the case of Marbury v. Madison to expand the authority of the Supreme Court? He established the Court's judicial review to rule on the constitutionality of executive and legislative actions. On June 1, 1812, after continuing interference with American shipping, President Madison asked Congress to declare war on England, because the British navy continued to stop American vessels and impress American sailors into the British service. According to the Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814, England agreed to remove its troops from the Northwest. Chief Justice John Marshall, writing for the Supreme Court in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), ruled that A state could not tax an institution created by the federal government because the power to tax it could lead to the power to destroy it. After 1815 about half of the members of the U.S. Congress were engaged in what profession? Law. Religion in New England after the War of 1812 Saw the rise of splinter groups such as Unitarianism that held positive views of human nature and universal salvation. How did President Jefferson describe his administration? As splendid misery. By the first decade of the nineteenth century, American ships were trading everywhere but Israel.

On what mission did President Jefferson send Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France? To purchase New Orleans and West Florida. The death of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh marked the end of what? Organized Indian resistance to white advances east of the Mississippi River. The religious revival meetings held at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in 1801, are characterized by all of the following except The revivals, although intense, did not have long-term effects on American religious thinking. What was the chief political importance of Andrew Jackson's victory at It launched Jackson on a political career that led to the presidency. President Jefferson's policy of embargo did what? Closed American ports and ordered American vessels to remain in port. Most Americans drew their concepts of the ideal society in terms of The language of Protestant Christianity. Widespread religious revivals early in the nineteenth century were known as what? The Second Great Awakening. CHAPTER 10 South Carolinians call the Tariff of 1828 the "tariff of abominations" because It drove the price of European goods beyond their ability to pay. At the founding of the nation, suffrage was restricted by gender, race, and Property ownership. How had a majority of Americans come to regarding voting by the 1820s? As an emblem of liberty, but only for whites. What was proclaimed in the Monroe Doctrine? The Western Hemisphere was in the sphere of influence of the United States. What was Andrew Jackson's attitude on the protective tariff in the 1820s? He favored some level of protectionism.

What turned out to be an issue in the presidential campaign in 1828? Whether Rachel Robards had been legally divorced when she and Jackson married. To Andrew Jackson's way of thinking, who was the quintessential "common man" in American politics? Western settlers struggling to bring new land under cultivation. President James Monroe Favored nationalism although he was a Democratic-Republican. What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Worcester v. Georgia? Georgia had erred because the federal government had jurisdiction in Indian affairs. Under President Monroe and the National Republicans the only item on their legislative agenda that did not fare well was Transportation subsidies. What was President Jackson's response to nullification? He requested Congress to pass the Force Bill supporting his effort to enforce federal law. According to John C. Calhoun, how could South Carolinians be exempted from paying the tariff? A state legislature could nullify a federal law it considered unconstitutional. James Madison changed his mind about what when he became president? The usefulness of a national bank. Slave rice cultivators commonly worked by the __________, which involved a specific assignment for a day's work. Task system. Ending participation in the international slave trade by the United States had what effect? A flourishing domestic slave trade arose. Why did Andrew Jackson appeal to the growing majority of democratic Americans in the election in 1828? His stance as an outsider and victim of eastern elites. To what does the practice of "squatting" refer? Occupying public land without purchasing it. What invention enabled an economic boom in the South and created a demand for new land in the West? Eli Whitney's cotton gin.

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To reduce the power of the Second National Bank before its charter expired, President Jackson Deposited all federal revenue in state or "pet banks." How had many Americans come to regard the Order of the Freemasons in the 1820s? As a dangerous and antidemocratic institution. In terms of his views on federal authority versus states' rights, Jackson Was a nationalist on some issues and a states' rights advocate on others. The Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 Defined the United States as a nation that spanned the continent. What was Andrew Jackson's primary reason for appointments to federal offices? Personal loyalty to him. When Cherokee leaders appealed to President Jackson for help, he Said it was his duty to support the state in the exercise of its rights. What provides evidence that sugar plantations required the greatest restocking of slaves? The South's largest slave market was in New Orleans. What was the major factor in formulating Andrew Jackson's attitude toward Indians? Participation in fights with Indians in the 1790s. CHAPTER 11 What group provided the "backbone" of the Benevolent Empire? Women volunteers. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Sent missionaries to China, Africa, and Asia. William Lloyd Garrison was The advocate of "immediatism." Most internal migrants Moved only short distances. The Liberty Party Fielded its first candidate in 1840.

The organization of new political groups such as the Working Men's Party provides evidence that Workers lacked confidence in existing parties. How did most eastern middle-class Americans regard the western migration of many Americans? With alarm, fearing the departure of ambitious citizens. The Missouri Compromise was a devastating defeat for Opponents of slavery. Catharine Sedgwick's novel The Poor Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man Romanticized urban poverty and suggested that "true wealth" lay within the reach of everyone. The Female Moral Reform Society Tried to reclaim women from prostitution. What type of individual typified the "New Middle Class"? The self-made man. Women were particularly drawn to Shakerism because Of a belief in the spiritual equality of women and men. Written in 1829, "An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World," by David Walker called for Free and slave blacks using violence if necessary to abolish slavery. What changes occurred in urban development by the 1830s? Neighborhoods stratified by class. Why did some Americans withdraw into covenanted communities? To prepare for the end of days. How were children of the wealthy usually educated prior to the Civil War? By private tutors. By 1830, American workers had seen The results of wage dependency. The American Anti-Slavery Society increased membership because They traveled across the northern states speaking out about abolishing slavery. The Liberty Party was replaced by the ___ in 1848. Question 20 options:

Free Soil Party. What is meant by the term "Benevolent Empire"? People, as God's agents, should care for other people. Who were the primary targets of the American nativist movement? Irish Catholics. George Rapp, who also thought the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, believed That members should amass material wealth to place at Christ's disposal. The philosophy of self-culture brought what social movement to prominence? The lyceum movement, which featured lectures on various subjects. Compared to the Pennsylvania model of prisoner rehabilitation, Sing Sing prison in New York Question 25 options: Allowed prisoners to work communally. CHAPTER 12 The completion of the last of the eastern Indian "removals" marked the beginning of a federal policy toward Reservations. President Martin Van Buren agreed with President Andrew Jackson that The federal government should not manage currency. Under the Mexican plan for the development of Texas, the Mexican government agreed to place immigration in the hands of what group? Empresarios. What was the major cause of tension between the Mexican government and Texas colonists? Attempts to stem immigration from the United States. Which of the following was not true about William Henry Harrison? He remained popular through his first term. By the end of Andrew Jackson's administration The Democratic Party had grown too diverse to remain stable.

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Who said that the United States was a "singularly happy" nation? President Martin Van Buren in his inaugural address in 1837. James Fenimore Cooper's theme in Leatherstocking Tales is that American wilderness merely awaited transformation by pioneers. The rise to power of what leader focused the unhappiness with government in Mexico for American colonists in Texas? Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. For what purposes did Whigs want to enhance the strength of the federal government? For economic development. What agreement ended the war between the United States and Mexico in 1848? Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. What agreement was reached in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty? It confirmed the boundary between the United States and Great Britain from Maine to the Rocky Mountains. What did John Slidell bring to Mexico on orders of President Polk in 1846? A purchase offer in the value of $30 million. What was Mexico's policy toward slavery in Texas? Erratic, sometimes permitting slavery and then banning it. How did most people reach their destinations in the West? Walking beside wagons carrying precious cargo. What kind of economy developed rapidly in Texas in the 1820s? A cotton economy dependent on slavery. To what did the term "Whig" refer when used by Jackson's opponents? It suggested that Jackson ruled like a king instead of an elected official. Who was the first missionary to reach Oregon? Methodist Jason Lee. When the poet William Cullen Bryant described the vacant Illinois prairie in the 1830s, he envisioned

Gardens and cultivated fields. The western trail that departed from Independence, Missouri, near Kansas City was the Santa Fe Trail. What was a major consequence of each new stage of American expansion? It reignited the controversy over slavery. What was the greatest impediment to the annexation of Texas to the United States? Slavery. Sam Houston led Texas revolutionaries to victory in the decisive battle of San Jacinto. What policy did the new Republic of Texas follow with regard to its status among nations? It wanted annexation to the United States as soon as possible. What term suggests the belief of white Americans that by right they should occupy the North American continent? Manifest destiny. Hudson River School painters suggested sadness at the passing of wilderness and Also celebrated the coming development of farms. What role had craftsmen played in Jefferson's vision of Americans' relationship with the land? A secondary role. What prompted a stream of religious missionaries to Oregon Territory in the 1830s? Rumors that Indians in Oregon had expressed an interest in Christianity. Following the battle at San Jacinto, Texans made Sam Houston their first president and Called for Texas to be annexed to the United States. Which of the following did not play a role in the Panic of 1837? Excessive government debt. Most immigrants who followed missionaries to Oregon Territory were Farm families of modest means.

What brought Britain and the United States to the brink of war in 1837? A Canadian rebellion. Where did migrants gather to begin their journey westward on the Oregon Trail? St. Joseph, Missouri. By 1830, the number of Americans in Texas had reached Question 9 options: 20,000. What was the policy of the United States regarding a Canadian rebellion against Great Britain in 1836-1837? Official neutrality. Americans thought of manifest destiny along all of the terms listed below except Class. Landscape paintings by Hudson River School artists rarely contained human figures except Native Americans. Why did the presidency of John Tyler throw the Whig Party into chaos? He reverted back to his Democratic roots. What slogan characterized the presidential campaign of 1840? "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too." What was the most significant cause of decline in the population of Indians after the arrival of white Europeans in their area? Diseases to which Indians had no immunity. What stood at the center of the economy for all Plains Indians? Question 16 options: Bison. Who developed the first Anglo colony in Mexican Texas? Stephen F. Austin. The loss of territory to whites caused western Indians to Shift from agriculture to a more nomadic way of life. What prediction did Governor DeWitt Clinton make regarding the Erie Canal?

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New York City would become the emporium of the world. What was Congress's response when President Andrew Jackson refused to show them papers he had shared with cabinet members? Congress censured Jackson. "His Accidency" was a reference to what about President John Tyler? His succession to the presidency. According to those who envisioned total development of the continent in the nineteenth century, America would eventually become what? A highway for transporting goods and culture. More than 250,000 settlers crossed the plains between 1840 and 1860; how many were killed by hostile Indians? Question 23 options: 400. What was at stake in the Aroostook War? Whether timber in the Aroostook Valley belonged to Canada or the United States. What set Elias Boudinot apart from Cherokee tribal chief John Ross? Unlike Ross, he complied with removal before it became forced. CHAPTER 13 Why did the Democratic Party nominate Franklin Pierce for president in 1852? He was a northern man thought to be sympathetic to the South. What events helped bring about the Compromise of 1850 in Congress? The deaths of President Zachary Taylor and John C. Calhoun. Beyond even racism, what motivated Southerners in their determination to expand slavery into western territories? The defense of property rights and ability to move that property. What had forced North and South into a final debate over the future of slavery by 1850? The disposition of land acquired in the war with Mexico. What was the consequence of the Senate's killing the original package of the Compromise of 1850?

A new generation of leaders took over Congress. Abraham Lincoln lost the election in 1858, and his battle Made Lincoln a leading spokesman for the Republican Party. How did Congress respond to the need for stable government in Utah and California after significant migrations of Americans there? Congress did little because of sectional differences. Why did Democrats argue that their party should prevail in the election of 1856? Only the Democratic Party could prevent the breakup of the Union. What trend developed in agricultural employment in the 1850s? A lower percentage of farmers grew more food than before. Northerners generally agreed that Slavery would collapse if expansion was denied. Why was the American Party also known as the Know-Nothing Party? It began as a secret society. Abolitionist followers of William Lloyd Garrison generally Opposed violence to achieve an end to slavery. What created the uproar in the northern reaction to Judge Roger Brooke Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case? Scott was not a citizen because he was black. If adopted, the Wilmot Proviso would have Banned slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. Southerners generally agreed that slavery was less efficient than free labor but believed slavery was the only way to Get work done in an unproductive climate. Stephen C. Douglas Opposed the Lecompton Constitution. What issue held the unwieldy Republican coalition together? Opposition to slavery's expansion in western territories. What was the most surprising outcome of the presidential election in 1856? How close the Republican Party came to victory.

What was the effect of the sale of so many slaves from the Upper South to the Lower South? The political influence of the Upper South was reduced. The constitutional convention in Lecompton, Kansas, can best be described as Rigged. When Douglas divided Nebraska Territory into two territories, he expected popular sovereignty to Result in one slave state and one free state. Who was the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party? John C. Fremont. Who would have jurisdiction in fugitive slave classes following passage of the Compromise of 1850? Federal commissioners. What helped tie the sections of the United States into a single national market? Extensive development in transportation and communication. What motivated Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom's Cabin? The Fugitive Slave Act. Who won the election for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in 1858? Stephen C. Douglas. Where did violence erupt in Kansas over the competing constitutions that permitted and banned slavery? Lawrence. Why was the first popular sovereignty vote in Kansas so one sided in favor of slavery? Proslavery advocates from Missouri cast fraudulent votes in the election. With what did abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass most associate freedom? Right to earn a living. Lincoln's claim that the Union could not survive "half slave and half free" earned him Stephen C. Douglas's taunt "Black republican."

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What caused some delegates to walk out of the Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina? Question 6 options: Its failure to pass a resolution endorsing slavery. What argument regarding Congress's proposed restrictions on the expansion of slavery was advanced by John C. Calhoun? Congress had no right to impose such limits. How was the Fugitive Slave Law received in African American communities in the North? With terror, because they believed every African American was subject to slavery. What most spurred economic growth in the North in the 1850s? Urbanization and industrialization. New immigrants usually found work as Wage laborers in cities. How did northern farmers fare in the decade of the 1850s? They experienced an economic boom. Which of the following best describes the efforts of the New England Emigrant Aid Company? They failed to recruit many antislavery settlers for Kansas. What was the primary platform of the Free Soil Party in the election of 1848? Slavery should be barred from all territories. Who proposed the basic framework of the Compromise of 1850? Henry Clay of Kentucky. Under the original Compromise of 1850 proposal Slave trading was banned in Washington, D.C. What had become the most profitable product of the South by 1850? Cotton. The proposer of the Compromise of 1850 gathered all its elements into a single piece of legislation known as The Omnibus Bill. What did Abraham Lincoln demand in 1854? The restoration of the Missouri Compromise.

Stephen A. Douglas first introduced a provision for popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Which advantage did immigrant workers have compared to free blacks in Northern cities? Question 20 options: The right to vote. Most white southerners regarded John Brown as A dangerous radical who wanted them dead. What strategy Stephen Douglas employ to get the compromise proposals through Congress? He offered five separate bills, each designed to win different majorities. Justice Roger Brooke Taney ruled that Congress had erred in the Missouri Compromise because that body Had infringed on the property rights of southerners by banning slavery from the territory. Why did the Democratic Party choose James Buchanan as their presidential nominee in 1856? He was comparable to Whig predecessor Franklin Pierce. What percentage of Southern white families owned slaves in 1860? 25 percent. CHAPTER 14 What was the most consistent source of tension in Confederate government? States' rights. Where did the Union army build the contraband camp known as "Freedman's Village"? At Arlington, Robert E. Lee's plantation in Virginia. The Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) had what important political consequence in addition to its military significance? It enabled President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. What was the most striking aspect of internal politics in the Confederacy? Absence of a two-party system. General Sherman's troops liberated

Atlanta. What was the South's greatest military advantage? Its defense of its own territory. What was the immediate result of the Emancipation Proclamation? It made emancipation an official goal of the war. How did the constitution of the Confederacy differ from that of the United States? It stated specifically that whites were superior to blacks. How did President Lincoln want his generals to conduct the war? Question 9 options: By coordinating attacks so southern armies would be engaged and unable to assist each other. What crucial difference did General Grant introduce to the Union strategy in 1864? He kept constant pressure on Lee's and Johnston's armies. Who were the "cooperationists" during the secession crisis? Residents of the Upper South who agreed to remain in the Union if the Lincoln administration cooperated with remaining slave states. African American soldiers constituted what percentage of the Union Army? 10 percent. What policy regarding slavery did President Abraham Lincoln state in his inaugural address? Leaving slavery alone in the South. What liberty did Southerners try to protect with their secession? The liberty to own, buy, sell, and transport slaves. What did New England teacher Laura M. Towne observe about freed African Americans in her South Carolina classroom? They were eager to learn. Once the Lower South had seceded, Republicans concluded that Any compromise amounted to northern surrender to southern blackmail. What was the title of the Union's plan to squeeze the Confederacy into submission?

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Anaconda Plan. Medical practices during the Civil War were Primitive. One result of the Emancipation Proclamation was European nations no longer supported the Confederate States of America. Which of the following is not true about the Union blockade? It failed to make an impact on blockade runners. What motivated most Confederate soldiers to serve in the army? Protecting their homes from Yankee invaders. Which statement about the Emancipation Proclamation is not correct? It eliminated slavery in the United States. How did England respond to the South's expectation of assistance? England refused to break the Union blockade or grant diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy. Why was the ironclad CSS Virginia not likely to make a difference in the Confederate's campaign? It could not maneuver in waters where the blockade ships waited. In what battle did General George McClellan's army stop General Robert E. Lee's first invasion of Maryland in 1862? Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). To win the Civil War, the North had to Defeat the armies of the Confederacy. Which of the following was not a Confederate advantage? The Confederate navy. What enabled Congress to pass significant legislation such as creating land-grant colleges in 1862? The absence of southern Democrats from Congress. Who commanded all Union forces when the Civil War began? General Winfield Scott. How many men are estimated to have died in the Civil War? 650,000. Which of the following best describes the significance of General Joseph Johnston during the first Battle of Bull Run?

His reinforcements saved Confederate troops from defeat. Who did Confederate president Jefferson Davis send to Charleston to seize Fort Sumter and defend the harbor? General P. G. T. Beauregard. Why did Confederates open fire on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861? President Jefferson Davis had to prove his authority. Draft resistance in the Confederacy Went beyond anything the Union had experienced. Prior to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Union troops captured the Confederate capitol of Richmond. To what does the term "contraband" refer? Runaway slaves in Union custody. By the spring of 1861, most Southerners had concluded that No additional compromise with the North would succeed. What would have been the consequence of the Crittenden Compromise, if passed? Congress could not have barred slavery from territories. What motivated most northern men to serve in the Union army? Patriotism and preservation of the Union. Who was selected to serve as president of the Confederate States of America? Jefferson F. Davis of Mississippi, a moderate. What was the consequence of President Lincoln's call for volunteers? Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina seceded. At Gettysburg Battlefield, President Lincoln said that the Civil War had become A test of democracy and the principle of human equality. Which Confederate state experienced the greatest opposition to secession? Virginia. The result of General Grant's victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, was that

Each statement is correct. During the Civil War, Approximately 2.1 million men served in the Union army. The New York City Draft Riots in the summer of 1863 Each statement is accurate. By 1870, the North was _____ percent wealthier than the south. 50. The first real test of Union and Confederate arms came in July 1861 at the Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas. Who were Joseph E. Brown and Zebulon Vance? Southern governors more interested in states' rights than Confederate victory. Following the Civil War, the power of the slaveholder class was Destroyed. CHAPTER 15 What was the principal goal of terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan? To restore white supremacy in the South. Why did radicals call for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson? Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act. What was the purpose of the Homestead Act? To settle the West with independent small farmers. Although the Freedmen's Bureau mostly dealt with labor relations, these often spilled over into matters of Civil rights. What was the first accomplishment of the Fourteenth Amendment? It overruled the Dred Scott case defining citizenship. What was President Johnson's stand on the Fourteenth Amendment? He vetoed a civil rights bill that provided the basis for the amendment. What was the intent of the Dawes Severalty Act? To break up reservations into separate plots for Indian families.

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The reservation system was intended to Prevent outbreaks of violence between Indians and white settlers. The Fifteenth Amendment Guaranteed all men the right to vote. What labor system for former slaves developed soon after plantation owners reclaimed their land after the Civil War? Sharecrop system. Other than getting laborers to work their land, how did the sharecrop system benefit landowners? It reduced their risk when cotton prices were low. Which amendment to the Constitution officially ended slavery, or "involuntary servitude," in the United States? Thirteenth Amendment. What effect did reports of violence against freed people have on Congress? Moderate Republicans were radicalized. What did blacks most expect from government? Public services, especially universal education. Military voting registrars Registered more blacks than whites in the South. What is meant by the term "redemption"? Restoration of local, white control in former Confederate states. During Reconstruction, southern governments Extended access to free public schools to African Americans. What did the Republican Party's nomination of Ulysses Grant for president in 1868 signify? A retreat of the Republican Party from radicalism. What was accomplished by the Second Reconstruction Act passed in July 1867? It ensured black suffrage by placing the army in charge of voter registration. What group had the most to gain from the Banks Plan? Established planters, who obtained guaranteed labor for little cost. Why did President Andrew Johnson say he vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866? He doubted whether blacks were qualified for citizenship.

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Why was there a shortage of agricultural workers in the South during Reconstruction? Thousands of emancipated blacks left the South to pursue opportunities in the North. After the Civil War, North Carolina witnessed A wave of violent assaults against black people. What criticism did radical Republicans have of the Freedmen's Bureau? Agents sided with landowners against the interests of freed people too often. The Civil Rights bill of 1866 Marked the first time the federal government intervened in the due process of states. What did the Reconstruction of Act of March 2, 1867, provide? It established former Confederate states as territories and divided them into military districts. What changes did former slave women face in their personal relationships with husbands during Reconstruction? Most traded slavery for patriarchy. President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction required 10 percent of what group to swear future loyalty to the United States? Voting population of a state in 1860. Who of the following was the first Republican senator to challenge Abraham Lincoln's reconstruction ideas implemented in Louisiana? Benjamin F. Wade. What prompted moderate Republicans to grow increasingly more radical during Reconstruction? The violence aimed at freed people. How did President Lincoln dispose of the Wade-Davis Bill? He used the pocket veto. Under the sharecrop system, Landowners provided land, tools, seed, and work animals. What group finally decided the presidential race in 1876 in favor of the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes? An appointed electoral commission composed of a majority of Republicans. How did sharecropping help shape the social system of the postwar South? It tied the southern economy to agriculture, particularly cotton. According to the Banks Plan,

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Former slaves signed year-long contracts and earned a small percentage of the crop, or $3 per month. Under the sharecrop system, Family units often worked the land. Why did supporters of women's suffrage oppose ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment? It would subject elite, educated women to the rule of base and illiterate males, especially immigrants and blacks. Why did Congress create the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865? To assist in the distribution of confiscated land to former slaves. Most blacks who held elected office in southern states during Reconstruction Had been free in the prewar period. Those who advocated a harsh peace for the South and citizenship for former slaves were called what? Radical Republicans. Who headed the Freedmen's Bureau? General Oliver Otis Howard. Under the Republicans' "gospel of prosperity," southern state legislatures committed credit and funds to Industrial development. Northerners who came south in the aftermath of the Civil War to introduce reforms or capitalize on opportunities were known as Carpetbaggers. Black Codes Confined black freedoms with laws that singled out blacks for unequal treatment. Southerners who collaborated with northerners after the Civil War were known as Scalawags. What first symbolized the transfer of initiative in Reconstruction from the executive to the legislative branch? Congress overriding President Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Act and the extension of the Freedmen's Bureau. What group first organized educators to teach literacy skills to former slaves? American Missionary Association.

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Why did General Nathaniel Banks issue stringent regulations for plantations in Louisiana? He wanted to cut the loss of black lives in contraband camps. What group formed the backbone of the Republican Party in the South during Reconstruction? African Americans. How many voters would have had to swear allegiance to the Union under the Wade-Davis Bill? A majority.

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HIST 2010-Final Tests

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