EDUC 815 Week 4 Nell
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American Public University *
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Course
815
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History
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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docx
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EDUC 815
A
RTICLE
C
RITIQUE
T
EMPLATE
Sabina Nell
Instructions:
After reviewing the website article for the assigned module, answer each question
below in no more than 3 sentences.
Questions:
1.
Correctly reference the article using current APA format.
Phillips, S., & Silverman, S. (2012). Development of an Instrument to Assess Fourth and Fifth
Grade Students’ Attitudes Toward Physical Education.
Measurement in Physical
Education & Exercise Science
,
16
(4), 316–327.
2.
What is the purpose of the study?
According to Phillips & Silverman (2012), youths increase in weight is correlated with
their attitude toward physical education which has also resulted in decreased physicaly
activity among youth.
Therefore the purpose of the study was to develop an instrument
that would asses fourth and fith grade students attitudes toward physical education and
yield reliable and valid scores (Phillips & Silverman, 2012).
3.
List the hypotheses; then, underline and label the corresponding independent/dependent
variables or predictor/criterion variables. Are there any covariates? If so, name them.
According to Phillips and Silverman (2012), there is an instrument developed that
measures the attituded of middle and highschoolers attitude toward physical education
but not elementary students. The Hypothesis in the study was based on that
what kind of
the instrucment development can be created and established to measure the students
attitudes toward physical education with the emphasis of fourth and fith grade students.
Physical education and the level of it is the independent variable
while the atittudes
toward it where the dependent variable.
4.
What research design is used and why?
According to Phillips & Silverman (2012), the research design was composed of multi-
phases: elicitation study and instrument question development, pilot study and series of
analyses to asses, construct and content validy and to assess reliability.
It was the multi-
phase study because it required the creation of the new instrument that would target
younger population that never been studied in regards to attitudes and physical education.
According to Phillips & Silverman (2012) during elicitiaotn study students were given a
chance to write their own words that they liked and disliked about physical education.
This gave researchers an opportunity to adapt the vocabulary into an instrument to the
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EDUC 815
age appropriate group and have the instrument literacy reviewed by professionals in the
field. In addition, the researchers completed a pilot study in order to run data and alter the
instrument based on the data and feedback, which resulted in some language
modification as well as questions being omitted or added and subfactors receiving
strength.
The researchers utilized the validity instrument via 39 physical education
teacher educators whom hold doctorate degrees in the field. The return rate was 27 of
the
instruments which resulted in the exclusion of the questions that pertained word exercise.
This was based on the Subramaniam and Silverman (2000) attitude instrument
development, however reserachers built on it through multi-phase research.
5.
What type of sampling method is used?
During elicitation study, 157 students from upper elementary: fourth and fifth grade who.
Participated in a summer camp were asked to write down in their own words what do the
like and dislike about physical education.
During Pilot Study, reserachers sent out 493
rights and assesnt forms for the participants
in fourt suburban schools. The return rate
was 373 assent slips with 367 completed instruments, 303 were sustainable and 64 assent
slips had missing responses (Phillips & Silverman, 2012).
The Pilot Conent Validity
Study and the Validty Study
were given to eight physical education doctoral students.
Validity Study was also sent out upon IRB approval to New York tri City tri-state area,
California and North Carolina to total of 2, 467 fourth and fifth grade students from 13
different school distriction and 17 different schools. The return rate was 1,453 students
and 1,344 were feasible.
6.
What are the names of the instruments (provide a list)? Are the instruments valid and
reliable? Why or why not?
Reserachers first identified Subramaniam and Silverman (2000) 20 question attitude
instrument that was utilized as the basis.
The instrument was based on five-point LIekrt
scale with two concepts: enjoyment and usefulness. There were 8 questions added during
elicitation stage as well as change to construct of the instrument: enjoyment and
usefulness initially had two subfactors from Subramaniam and Silverman (2000), and the
change was to three subfactors: physical education teacher, curriculum and exercise.
7.
Do the author(s) give enough detail regarding the procedure so that the study could be
replicated? How or how not?
The authors gave enough data on the research to be replicated. They provide the basis of
the instrument development, changes and the process of the multi-phase study. In
addition, the authors provided readers with the IRB approval, dissimineation of the
instrument, and return rate. The authors also mentioned the collaboration aspect of the
research study.
8.
What type of statistical analysis is used and why?
During pilot study, the researchers utilized Excel, SPSS, Principal component analysis
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EDUC 815
(PCA), Explorator factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis for diagnostic purposes.
Folowing, researchers utilized SAS, with creation of correlation matrix, and then utilized
to run confimraitory factor analysis.
The researchers also utilized FIT statistics to
determine the Goodness of FIT Index, the Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index AGFI and
Root ean Square Error of Approximation RMSEA and the Standardized Root Mean
Square. Residual SRMR. The G-C alpha was examined to determine internal consistency
and overall score and factor reliability.
During Validty Study, researchers utilized Excell,
SPSS and Multiple Principal componenet analyses PCA with scree plot and exploratory
Analyses EFA to identify items and factor.
The researchers also utilized SAS and
correlation matrix to perform confirmatory factor analysiss and Fit statitstics were
analyzed via GFI, AGFI ,RMSEA, SRMR and Cronbach’s alpha.
For content validity study, the instruments were 4-factor model. Also there was 2-factor
model.
When researchers were uploading data they also utilized reverse coding for
validation in consistency in responses.
9.
What are the major conclusions of the study? How do they relate to the hypothesis?
The reserachers successfully created the instrument that measured the atittuded of foruth
and fifth grade students toward physical education that yielded reliable and valid scores.
This was aligned the with the initial research Hypothesis that the researchers constructed
in the beginning of the study.
The created instrument agrees with Theory of Reasoned
Action, and the 2 factor model showed cognition and influence on student’s attitude
toward physical education (Phillips & Silverman, 2012).
10. Do the author(s) suggest any future studies to resolve ambiguities in the present study or
to answer questions raised by the present study?
The researchers suggest that the newly created tool could be utilized to assess upper
elementary students attitude toward physical education through additional research. In
addition the further research could be utilized to improve physical education classes and
be created based on students needs.
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