5-2 Final Project Milestone Two Rough Draft and Bibliography

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Final Project Milestone Two: Rough Draft and Bibliography HIS 245 Kimberly Lee-Fields August 13, 2023

The Cold War opened a rivalry between the Soviets and the United States. The Soviets had installed governments in Western Europe and had the Red Army. Communism and capitalism played a part in moving forward. The Red Scare had everyone uneasy and had many thinking that their people and officials were communist spies. The scare of spreading communism was evident as they were afraid of the Soviets being in Europe and dominating. The Korean War was a result of the communist Soviet-led government of North Korea invading South Korea were allies of the U. S. that lasted until 1953. The Cold War had many factors that contributed to the spread of communism, the space race, religion, and the Cuban Missile Crisis that had people on edge. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a result of the Soviets and the U. S. developing missiles with the Soviets secretly putting theirs in Cuba so they could launch an attack on the U. S. JFK with other advisors received images of the Soviets intent on attacking the U. S. The U.S. did surveillance flights and discovered bombers there. Two superpowers were then on the brink of war before an agreement was made. They both signed the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty of 1963 as they both were in fear of the other using nuclear weapons as retaliation. This standoff lasted thirteen days between the United States and the Soviets. The Vietnam War was a result of the U. S. not wanting the communist rule of North Vietnam coming into South Vietnam in which the U. S. lost, and many lives were lost. “Unhappy with the president’s decision, many anti-war protests broke out across the United States. President Johnson was unwilling to back down” (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The aspect of the Cold War was a mixture of military, economic, social, and political in nature. The United States was for capitalism and the Soviets were against that and for communism. President

Johnson did not run for reelection and focused more on the war in Vietnam. Soviet and Chinese officials continued to issue warnings to the United States, cautioning that the war could grow larger (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). JFK launched the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba to try and overthrow the Fidel Castro regime and failed at doing so. Nikita Khrushchev reached an agreement with Fidel Castro to place the missiles there in Cuba. President Kennedy sent letters asking that the missiles be destroyed in Cuba and that they would not permit such weapons to be delivered there. The President addressed the nation on his decision to do a quarantine and acknowledge the consequences if the situation escalated any further. DEFCON 3 was implemented by the navy for the quarantine. Nikita responded to the president and said it was an act of aggression and that the ships heading to Cuba will proceed. President Kennedy ordered a blockade but unlike how the Soviets did Berlin the U. S. would allow food and other things to pass apart from weapons. “President Kennedy promised that if the Soviets did not remove their nuclear missiles from Cuba, the United States would take further action. And if a missile was launched toward any nation in the Western Hemisphere, it would be considered an attack on the United States, and the United States would respond in kind. Kennedy sent a clear message that Americans would not tolerate Soviet missiles so close to home” (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). By the end of November, the crisis was over, and the Soviets removed their missiles. The Cuban Missile Crisis influenced people from the United States that stayed closer to Cuba and put fear in them as they thought they might die if their city was hit by the nuclear weapon. The accounts of the public’s responses to the missile crisis typically depict high nuclear anxiety (e.g., Detzer 1979; Thompson 1992). Anecdotal evidence also suggests that people were ‘literally scared for their lives’ (Kern, Levering, and Levering 1983, 126) and the evening after

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the President’s address some had the feeling that it might be the last night, they will ever spend alive together (Smith 2003). A survey was conducted for insight into the effects of the psychological impact of the missile crisis from October to November 1962 (Raschky, Paul A., and Liang Choon Wang. 2017). Alcohol and cigarettes were largely consumed during the crisis period. One of the conflicts that played out in the Cold War was the struggles over political and social arrangements. The Cold War laid the foundation for the space race (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). Russia launched Sputnik in 1957 being the first in the space race (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). Russia and the United States both wanted the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that could deliver anywhere in the world. Von Braun hoped that one day the rockets he tested would carry people since they could go to the edge of space. Sergei Korolev also tested the V-2 with the Soviets also wanting the ICBM to compete with the U.S. The Soviet army was more interested in weapons than space exploration (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The Korean War came to a head between the communist-backed Soviets of North Korea and South Korea who had support from the United States. Soviet spies were arrested for stealing nuclear secrets and that put fear in people who thought that communism was not just an outside threat (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). Entertainers, producers, and actors were blackballed because they were investigated for suspected communist connections and couldn’t work. The effects of space weren’t known on how it would affect a human, so they experimented by sending a monkey who died on the landing. The Soviets also tried and sent dogs that were able to land safely on Earth. The landing of the animals gave Braun and Korolev hope that humans could make it into space and land back on Earth safely. In 1955, it was announced that the U. S. would participate in the International Geophysical Year in 1957-58 by putting the

first man-made satellite into orbit (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). In Russia, Korolev used that information so he could finally begin sending rockets into space and argued that beating the U. S. into space would be a victory for Russia (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The U. S. put Braun’s project on hold for Project Vanguard thus putting the United States behind in the space race. The U. S. wanted the satellite to be put into space by a rocket that was not made by Germans and to show their loyalty to Braun and his engineers they became citizens of the U. S. in 1955 (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The news of Sputnik being launched made headlines around the world as a historic moment and a great victory for the Soviets. “With Sputnik flying overhead, all kinds of possibilities emerged. Could the Soviets spy on the United States from above, far out of reach of airplanes or missiles? Could they use it to drop an atomic bomb” (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog onboard and people speculated that it would be only a matter of time before a person would be on one of the Soviets rockets into space. Although Korolev was the mastermind behind launching the satellite for Russia his name was never mentioned in the press. Pressures were raised in the United States as President Eisenhower wanted the launch of Vanguard by the Navy. Vanguard was launched and it failed as it exploded. On January 31, 1958, a Redstone rocket successfully carried Explorer 1 into the history books as the United States’ first artificial satellite (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). During the space race, the United States broadcasted their success and failures unlike the Soviets as they were very secretive and kept it out of the eye of everyone except those who were involved. The United States opened the doors of NASA to take on the space flight. NASA had a program called Man in Space and the goal was for a person to be put into space and study the effects the mission would cause the person with the latter coming back to

Earth. NASA was faced with a lot of questions regarding how a human would function in space along with eating, breathing, sleeping, and normal bodily functions. The pilots were required to have degrees, a certain height, and weight, and be able to fly high-performance fighter jets (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The pilots had to forgo medical tests that put the body through sleep deprivation, loud noises, blood tests, and string forces that they would face with being launched into orbit, and they measured their ability to mentally withstand the hazards of flying into space. On April 9, 1959, the Mercury Seven were introduced to the world (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The scientist discovered how dangerous space would be for the astronauts as its atmosphere was very different. Max Faget was an engineer that was tasked with designing the spaceship. The Soviets were secret with the recruiting of their cosmonauts. “The Soviet search included hundreds of highly skilled pilots, who were kept in the dark about the true mission. At first, the candidates were told only that they would be evaluated for a “special flight,” but the extensive testing of their mental and physical abilities led them to guess what they were being prepared for” (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The Soviets ended up choosing twenty pilots. During the space race, the U. S. had a spy plane shot down over Russia, and the pilot was captured the United States denied that it was spying on them even though the wreckage showed proof otherwise. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin was known as the first person in space (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). President Kennedy congratulated them on their successful mission for going into space. Alan Shepard made headlines on May 5, 1961, as he became the United States' first astronaut in space on board Freedom 7 (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The space race amped up as the United States needed a victory so they chose to try and put a human on the moon. The Berlin Wall was constructed during the Cold War in 1961 (Matthew Brenden

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Wood. 2018). The people fled due to the harsh living conditions and the numbers were believed to be ten thousand a month that left East Berlin and fled to the West (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The wall was twelve feet tall and stretched around West Berlin with landmines, guard dogs, and snipers patrolling in so they couldn’t cross. “On October 30, 1961, the Soviet military detonated the largest nuclear bomb the world had ever seen. Called the Tsar Bomba, it released the energy of 50 megatons of TNT” (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). The United States was terrified due to the bomb and urged people to build fallout shelters. John Glenn spoke about how the United States was committed to peaceful and open exploration of space (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). During the space race, women were not allowed into space although the Soviets had different plans and wanted to show the world just how communism treated women with the first one going into space. While the space race was going on the war in Vietnam heightened and the Soviets prepared to make history again in space. The Soviets did it again with a man floating in space beating out the United States again. While Lenov got out of the capsule easily it was very hard for him to return as his suit puffed up and he could no longer fit in the small space. The Americans finally made their space float with Ed White entering and admiring the view. The United States broke a record for the longest space flight as the Soviets were silent. The man behind building the space crafts for the Soviets died and was finally revealed as the man behind it all. The United States suffered many setbacks with docking into space and with walking outside of the spacecraft as the suit would stiffen up making it hard to walk. Apollo 1 mission was unsuccessful for the American astronauts as there was a fire inside the capsule and the men

all died. The space race was still going on and the Soviets took the setback the Americans had as an advantage to try and get Soyuz into orbit. Soyuz 1 suffered electrical problems and was forced to bring back cosmonaut Komarov. The Soviets too suffered a loss with Komarov dying in a fire as well as his rocket crashing. Neil Armstrong landed and walked on the moon the first for an entire nation. With Neil Armstrong’s step, America crossed the finish line and won the Space Race. Six more missions to the moon would follow, and five would be successful (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). Although the Soviets didn’t make it to the moon, they congratulated the American astronauts on their success. In 1975, the two former competitors performed a joint mission called the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). An Apollo command module and Soyuz spacecraft docked in orbit, with the crews’ shaking hands and exchanging gifts (Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018). Religion had a hand in the Cold War and the Christians were being demanded to help defeat communism. Christians felt that communism’s doctrine of atheism needed to be combated, and religious institutions added important reflections to the national conservation (David E. Settje. 2011). President Truman spoke at the beginning of the Cold War and how America’s spiritual strength would help defeat the atheist communist (David E. Settje. 2011). They tried to come up with a foreign policy that would stop the Communists. They argue that communism was not a global monolith and instead sought cooperation with Communist nations to reduce tension and especially the danger of a nuclear war, often drawing on biblical mandates of peace as God’s will (David E. Settje. 2011). The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 clouded the perception of communism and of what America’s foreign policy should do to help with the Cold War (David E. Settje. 2011). The communist puppet regime emerged after the Soviets had full control over Czechoslovakia. Due to the reactions of the Vietnam War American

Christianity shifted regarding anticommunism. The Christians wanted to shape American opinion as views from their own point of view. Some Christians questioned the American involvement in the Vietnam War and the arms race and how the U. S. had militarized ideologies of the war. The Christians used the National Council of Churches of Christ to promote responsible and legal means to protest war (David E. Settje. 2011). Some Christians did agree with the war in Vietnam as they believed communism was an evil force. A loss by the U. S. in Vietnam to some Christians that the region was doomed by Communist atheism, but a win signified that Christianity could continue in the region (David E. Settje. 2011). The United States used a point of view from the Catholics that supported the efforts in Vietnam so Communist expansion could be stopped. Paschall thought prowar statements better served the U. S. soldiers fighting in Vietnam and wanted to resist Communist expansion in the Vietnam War (David E. Settje. 2011). Paschall made a statement that “Christians have not shown enough concern for our boys who are giving their lives for freedom” he also had a lot of support for his statements (David E. Settje. 2011). Letters were written and the Cold War was portrayed by Christians as communism was evil and that America was a Christian nation. The U. S. thought of the Vietnamese as being weak and in need of defending themselves needing the U. S. to defend them. The United States lost the war in Vietnam but won the space race. The Cold War had many factors that contributed to it with the spread of communism, the space race, religion, and the Cuban Missile Crisis that had people on edge, and today the effects of it are not so obvious.

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Primary Source Book Brands, H. W. (2010). American dreams: The United States since 1945. New York, NY: Penguin Book David E. Settje. 2011. Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars . New York: NYU Press. https://search-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx? direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=379205&site=eds-live&scope=site. Book Hal Brands. 2010. Latin America’s Cold War . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. https://search-ebscohost com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx? direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=437120&site=eds-live&scope=site. Book Matthew Brenden Wood. 2018. The Space Race: How the Cold War Put Humans on the Moon . Inquire & investigate. White River Junction: Nomad Press. https://search-ebscohost- com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1794217&site=eds- live&scope=site . Book Raschky, Paul A., and Liang Choon Wang. 2017. “Reproductive Behavior at the End of the World: The Effect of the Cuban Missile Crisis on U.S. Fertility.” Applied Economics 49 (56): 5722–27. doi:10.1080/00036846.2017.1340571

Secondary source Encyclopedia Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopedia. "Cold War." Encyclopedia Britannica, July 11, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War . Website “Milestones:1961-1968 The Cuban Missile Crisis.” U.S. Department of State. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis. Website Onion, Amanda, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen, and Christian Zapata, eds. “Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact.” History.com, 2009. https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam- war/vietnam-war-history.

5-2 Final Project Milestone Two Rough Draft and Bibliography

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