C121 Task 3
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C121
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Dec 6, 2023
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Noori 1
Rahana Shaheen Noori
C121 Task 3
15
th
November 2022
Question-A1
During Reconstruction, former slaves had the chance to explore their new freedom.
“After the federal troops arrived to confirm that the rumors of their emancipation were
true, former slaves sang together in the night. Grandma was really angry when she saw
her mistress and she got right up in her face. “I’m free!” she yelled. Yes, I am free to do
what I want. We're not working for you anymore. We're moving on to find our families or
just start over somewhere else. The slaves learned to be cautious of white people,
because they knew that they would sometimes be met with hostility. However, they
never expected it to disappear overnight”. Many freed people were very careful about
who they chose to work for. After trying to find better lives for themselves, most black
people ended up working on their old farms or plantations. Since former slaves didn't
have any money, they usually chose to rent land. The South had few sources of credit,
and few people would rent to black people. Black farmers and white landowners agreed
to sharecrop, a system in which the landlord or merchant provided food and supplies for
the farmer, and received a share of the crop in return. The white landowners and black
farmers talked to each other about what they should do. As the system matured, most
sharecroppers worked "on halves" - half for the owner and half for themselves. (Norton,
2015)
“The Fifteenth Amendment, passed in 1870, makes all people born in the United States
citizens. Some people in African-American communities rejoiced when the US Supreme
Court ruled that voting rights are a fundamental right”. However, this ruling doesn't mean
that every state has to allow everyone to vote, or that there can't be any restrictions on
who can vote. (Norton, 2015)
The post–Civil War South was its own world, with its own rules for how to get and use
resources. People there had to figure out how to make money and how to keep control
of the land. “After the war, farmers grew cotton, but expensive seeds and farming
equipment, along with low crop prices, taxes, and debt, left many white southerners in
poverty. African Americans had a harder time than other people during this time period
because they experienced racism in addition to economic difficulties”. (Norton, 2015)
Question-B
Life changed a lot when machines became a part of it. “Telephones and typewriters
made it easier for people to communicate with each other without being in the same
room, which made face-to-face communication less important. Electric sewing
machines allowed clothes to be made quickly and in large quantities. Refrigeration and
canning help to keep food fresh and prevent it from spoiling”.
As machines became more advanced, factories began using them to do more of the
work. This meant that they needed fewer workers, so they started hiring fewer people.
“If a company wants to make a profit, it needs to be efficient in how it produces things.
In the past, workers had control over how things were produced. But by the 1890s,
experts like engineers and managers were using things like standardization to reduce
the need for human skills”. (Norton, 2015)
Question-C1
Many of the ideas behind Progressive reform came from religious beliefs. “A movement
called the Social Gospel was led by Protestant ministers Walter Rauschenbusch,
Washington Gladden, and Charles Sheldon. This movement tried to make the world a
better place by involving Christian churches in things like helping to settle arguments
between workers and employers, and improving conditions for poor people. The Social
Gospelers believed that helping others was the way to salvation, and that by doing so
they would create God's kingdom on earth. Some people tried to help immigrants and
Indians by giving them more opportunities to go to school, get a good job, and learn
about different cultures”. The people were trying to help others, but their efforts were
undermined because they were forcing their own values on people from different
cultures. Some working-class Catholic and Jewish immigrants didn't like when rich
people tried to tell them how to raise their kids. (Norton, 2015)
Question-C2
There were a lot of changes that happened during the Progressive Era, and two of them
were the Labor Reform movement and the Prohibition. These helped to improve things
for workers and social behavior respectively. “In many states, laws were enacted that
required factories to be inspected, and also required companies to compensate workers
who were injured in accidents. By 1916, nearly two-thirds of all states had these laws in
place. The National Child Labor Committee put pressure on states to set a minimum
age for employment and to limit the number of hours that children could work. Labor
laws were not perfect, but they were still helpful. The government didn't usually allow
people to closely inspect factories, but enforcement required it. Some families lied about
their children's ages to get them jobs, in order to make more money. (Norton, 2015)
Reformers did not always agree about whether laws should regulate behavior such as
drinking and sexual conduct. The Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union were both organizations that worked to raise awareness about the
harmful effects of alcohol”. They did this by publicizing how alcohol could contribute to
health and family problems. The league was successful in getting people to focus on the
fact that drinking doesn't cause accidents, poverty, or poor productivity. Many states and
localities restricted liquor consumption because of the war on saloons. One fourth of the
people in the United States did not allow liquor to be sold where they lived in 1900.
(Norton, 2015)
Question-C3
“The Crusades were a series of wars fought by Christians in an effort to take back
control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. These wars had a big impact on European
politics, and helped to make the political system more democratic. Political reformers in
the United States achieved a major goal in 1913 when the Seventeenth Amendment to
the Constitution was adopted”. This Amendment provided for direct election of U.S.
senators, instead of them being elected by state legislatures. The people in charge of
the party were still able to control elections, and groups that care about a specific issue
spent a lot of money to try to influence how people voted. (Norton, 2015)
Question-D
Hawaiian Annexation:
“Americans, like the English before them, have tried to expand their territory by taking
over other areas and claiming that they are "civilizing" the local people. Similarly, to
what England realized many years ago, they also realized that these regions are
important for strategic reasons. American officials were keen to annex Hawaii for the US
once they discovered that it had strategic, diplomatic, and economic worth. Additionally,
they had the goal of preaching to the local population. The entrance to Pearl Harbor
was made available to US citizens in 1887. After getting their foot in the door, US
politicians were able to further entrench themselves by imposing a constitution on the
local populace that granted them the right to vote and removed the King from power.
Although locals were opposed to Hawaii becoming a state of the US, American leaders
knew that it would be advantageous for Hawaii. Being a part of the US would provide
financial stability at this difficult time because they were currently at war with the
Spanish. Finally, Hawaii became a state by the passage of the Organic Act in June
1900”.
The Spain American War:
Spain had already occupied Cuba and depended largely on selling their products in the
US, which piqued the curiosity of American leaders in the region. “Americans weren't
the only ones interested in gaining more land. As a result of a levy imposed on Cuban
sugar, local tensions with Spain skyrocketed as Cubans started to rebel against the
Spanish colonial government. President McKinley then dispatched the USS Maine to
Cube. He was worried about the security of Americans as much as Cuban citizens. The
ship was lost one month after it left port. The US's decision to take over was effectively
killed by the widespread belief that it was Spanish-made, which prompted McKinley to
declare war on Spain. Despite doubts about their capacity to govern themselves, the US
Congress eventually proclaimed Cuba free and independent. Some people were
worried that the Philippines might be taken over by the American government. Some
people thought it was wrong for Americans to fight a war to help Cuba become free,
only to then take control of the country themselves”. Some people believed that the
United States' decision to invade Iraq was wrong because it went against the idea that
all people have a right to choose their own government. Some women in America felt
that the country was becoming too focused on conquering other countries, and that this
was having a negative effect on the American people. They pointed to children playing
war games as an example of this. Some people were worried that if the United States
annexed a nation with people of a different color, that it would somehow make the
nation weaker. Other people were worried that if the United States annexed a nation
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with people of a different color, that those people might come to the United States and
take jobs away from American citizens. (Norton, 2015)
Norton, M.B. (2015). The South After Reconstruction
https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?
deploymentId=48887122133667389135808215&eISBN=9781305816817&id=38559692
&snapshotId=140078&
Norton, M.B. (2015). Technology and Everyday Life
https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?
deploymentId=48887122133667389135808215&eISBN=9781305816817&snapshotId=
140078&id=38559697&
Norton, M.B. (2015). The Social Gospel
https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?
deploymentId=48887122133667389135808215&eISBN=9781305816817&snapshotId=
140078&id=38559707&
Norton, M.B. (2015). Labor Reform
https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?
deploymentId=48887122133667389135808215&eISBN=9781305816817&snapshotId=
140078&id=38559707&
Norton, M.B. (2015). Restructuring Government
https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?
deploymentId=48887122133667389135808215&eISBN=9781305816817&snapshotId=
140078&id=38559707&
Norton, M.B. (2015). Hawai’i, Venezuela, and Cuba
https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?
deploymentId=48887122133667389135808215&eISBN=9781305816817
&id=38559712&snapshotId=140078&