Module 1 HW 2023

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School

Lone Star College System, Woodlands *

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3307

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History

Date

Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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Uploaded by ConstablePuppy19149

Section I: Globleki Tepe 1. What is the Fertile Crescent and where is Gobleki Tepe situated in relation to it? An arc of mild climate and arable land from the Persian Gulf 2. Professor Schmidt died in 2014. For what purpose did he employ geomagnetic surveys? Professor Schmidt used radar and geomagnetic surveys to pinpoint where at least 16 other megalith rings. 3. What non-metallic tools were employed in constructing the site around 9000 B.C.? Stone hammers and blades 4. What does analysis of animal remains found at the site suggest? It suggests that ancient people lived on a land with many animals, trees, rivers, and a large variety of barley. 5. Some five centuries after Gobekli Tepe's construction, settled agricultural life developed. Strains of what crop have been found by plant geneticists but 20 miles away from the complex? Genetists found domesticated strains of wheat. 6. Schmidt argues that the extensive, coordinated effort to build the monoliths literally laid the groundwork for the development of complex societies, including the construction of what structures? stone rings, megaliths, and settlement 7. Consider Stanford University archaeologist Ian Hodder, who excavated Catalhoyuk, a prehistoric settlement 300 miles from Gobleki Tepe. What, according to him, necessarily predated the development of agricultural societies? An Archaeologist sociocultural changes come first and agriculture comes later 8. What symbolic interpretations have been made concerning the artistic representations of the vulture in the area in and around Gobleki Tepe? The vultures took "the flesh of the dead up to the heavens" 9. Prior to his death, what did Professor Schmidt expect to find below the floor of the lowest structures at Gobleki Tepe? Schmidt was hoping to find the "final resting place for a society of hunters" +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Section II: The Sumerians 1. How did the geographic location of the Sumerians fuel their drive for innovation? Because the Sumerians location did not have enough resources 2. Bronze is an alloy of tin and ___copper _____; the Sumerians acquired the latter mineral “found in the mountains to the east and north. 3. Priests were the intellectuals and engineers in Sumer. They designed the irrigation system in southern Mesopotamia along which two great rivers? __ Tigris and The Euphrates 4. Why were the bronze weapons of the Sumerian city-states superior to the copper ones of their enemies? The bronze material helped them survive because it lasted longer than copper

5. Enslaved persons were acquired for agricultural labor by the Sumerians through the failure to repay debt and ___ military campaigns. 6. Sumerian city-states were originally gerontocracies, but came to be ruled by lugals who established royal dynasties. Define the original profession of a lugal. to possess the same power as kings and establish dynasties 7. Sumerian architectural innovations include use of _ dome and arch vault, _ 8. Name the vehicle of their invention which was pivotal to Sumerian military innovation: onagers 9. Reigning from 2371--2316 BC, Sargon I was the Akkadian who ended the independence of the Sumerian city-states and thus “established the first empire in history.” 10. Around 4000 BC, the Sumerians invented writing and the wheel_______. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Section III: The Hyksos in Egypt 1. What was Avaris to the Hyksos? The capital 2. The origin of the Hyksos lay in the Levant. Define the geographical area. area encompassing the countries surrounding the eastern 3. Avaris was largely abandoned for some time after mid-Sixteenth Century B.C. Why? - The pharaohs reclaimed the territory they exiled the Hyksos rulers to southwest Asia 4. Why is the Hyksos assumption of power in Egypt no longer conceived in terms of an overt, hostile invasion? It was considered "an immigrant uprising because the isotope ratios found in enamel 5. Among others, Canaanite merchants and Hebrew shepherds and mercenaries dwelt in Avaris. These two groups were foreign to Egypt, as were the Semitic Hyksos. Where, in a land east of the Nile, did they later fight one another in a turf war recounted in the pages of the Old Scriptures in southwest Asia? Northeastern Nile Delta 6. Strontium levels found in the unearthed teeth of the ancient residents of Avaris suggest what to archeologists about the population there at its peak? The strontium levels suggested that people immigrated to Avaris from a range of places ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Section IV: The Assyrian Empire of Ancient Mesopotamia Why is the library of Ashurbanipal significant? because it can give people background information about the Aricient people in the Near East

Where is it? in Northern Mesopotamia 2. In 721 BC, the Assyrians conquered The Northern Kingdom of Israel ______? Jerusalem was later captured in 586 BC by the Babylonians (Chaldeans) and the leaders of the city were hauled off for a long captivity. 3. Consider the dominant empires of Mesopotamia. The Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire flourished 750— 600 BC; the Persian Empire, 550—330 BC. Before both was the Persian _ Empire, which flourished 750— 600 BC. 4. Provide a detailed reason for the decline of the Assyrian imperial capacity to successfully meet threats. The Assyrians were already in a deteriorated state because they experienced drought, migration. sbandonment. 5. Why did the ancient stargazers document what they saw as the passage of heavenly bodies across the night sky? Ancient stargazers documented what they saw in the sky to predict what is going to happen in the future 6. How did (an ostensible) royal Mesopotamian sacrifice mitigate against evil portents? According to Yale News, "the only way to absorb the effects of the evil omen for the roval king to be sacrificed to continue his job 7. Did the Assyrians deal in metaphor when they threatened to skin you alive? Yes 8. Describe the geographical extent of the Neo—Assyrian Empire. the Neo-Assyrian Empire is centered in northern Iraq and extending from Iran to Egypt 9. Re the above question, what was the capital of the empire? The Capital was Nineveh 10. Why can it now be claimed that “History is no longer two—dimensional; the historical stage is now three—dimensional?” History is now three-dimensional because, paleoclimatologists and archaeologists are now able to identify environmental changes in the global history record that were unknown and inaccessible even 25 years ago +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Section V: the Persian Empire

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1. The Zoroastrian faith of _ its people _ leads him to military conquest in the furtherance of the eschaton, meaning the end-time __________________ . 2. The mines of the Iranian plateau produced which mineral resources for the Persians? Iron, lapis lazuli, and copper _____ 3. The princes of the Iranian Plateau controlled the caravan routes west of Bactria, over which they shook down merchants bringing trade goods and the Zoroastrian faith. These princes became wealthy and expanded their territory into the Iranian Plateau with the clout of the Persians, a kindred people whom they originally dominated. 4. The position of Professor Richard Frye is that in antiquity religion was essentially culture . Moreover, it was seen by Near Eastern rulers as “an arm of royal administration”. 5. While along the Nile pharaoh in the near east _______ ruled as a god, between Sinai and the steppes a king built a temple for his nation’s god and constructed a palace for himself as the god’s earthly regent. 6. Dualism is a belief that reality consists in two distinct absolute and all-inclusive elements, most commonly identified today as matter and mind. Thus the Zoroastrian kings of Persia, supporters of the Good God or Ahura Mazda _________ were committed to defeating the followers of the Evil Spirit or Ahriman —anyone who refused to submit to the king. 7. In the Babylonian Captivity, some of the descendents _____ in Mesopotamia were returned to Palestine at the direction of Cyrus, who was depicted in their scriptures as a type of the messiah, a deliverer from captivity. 8. Cyrus “was keen that people should see some god as universal so that the idea of a universal god would confer legitimacy on the idea of a universal king of kings on earth”. Read this on the Paleolithic Era: "We find our connection to humanity”, it has been suggested, in studying "what people thought about themselves and cared enough about leaving behind--philosophy and religion, literature, the arts and architecture." Here I underscore that the arts can be broken down to the categories of mechanical and fine. When we consider the tools of Stone Age folks we are obviously pondering mechanical arts. The Paleolithic phase of the Stone Age saw a directed evolution of the human brain as various people groups accommodated themselves to climate change, most notably to the expansion and subsequent recession of glaciers. The cultural advances of Paleolithic humanity laid the predicates for the spectacular accomplishments undertaken in what has been called the Neolithic Revolution. Evidence suggests that a genuinely settled existence, one where folks could support living in a single place, emerged only in the Neolithic Era.

Module 1 HW 2023

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