chapter 18 outline

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Lone Star College System, ?Montgomery *

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1302

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History

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Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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Uploaded by MateSummerAntelope99

The Progressive Era An Urban Age and a Consumer Society Farms and Cities For the last time in American history, farms and cities grew together. American agriculture entered what would later be remembered as its golden age. ● It was the city that became the focus of Progressive politics and of a new mass-consumer society. ● New York was the largest city. The city captured the imagination of artists, writers, and reformers. The Muckrakers A new generation of journalists writing for mass-circulation national magazines exposed the ills of industrial and urban life ● Lincoln Steffens (political corruption) & Ida Tarbell (hating on standard oil) Major novelists of the era took a similar unsparing approach to social skills. Immigration as a Global Process Between 1901 and 1914, 13 million immigrants came to the United States, many through Ellis Island. Industrial expansion and the decline of traditional agriculture set in motion a larger process of worldwide migration. ● Asian and Mexican immigrants entered the United States in smaller numbers. The Immigrant Quest for Freedom

Like their nineteenth-century predecessors, the new immigrants arrived imagining the United States as a land of freedom. ● Some immigrants were birds of passage, who planned on returning to their homeland. The new immigrants clustered in close-knit ethnic neighborhoods. ● Churches were pillars of these immigrant communities. Consumer Freedom The advent of large department stores in central cities, chain stores in urban neighborhoods, and retail mail-order houses for farmers and small-town residents made the vast array of goods now pouring from the nation’s factories available to consumers throughout the country. ● Leisure activities also took on the characteristics of mass consumption. The Working Woman Traditional gender roles were changing dramatically as more and more women were working for wages. a. Married women were working more. ● The working woman became a symbol of female emancipation. ● Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that the road to women's freedom lay through the workplace. Battles emerged within immigrant families of all nationalities between parents and their self-consciously "free" children, especially daughters. The Rise of Fordism ● Henry Ford revolutionized manufacturing with the moving assembly line. ● Ford paid his employees five dollars a day so that they could afford to buy his car.

The Promise of Abundance ● Economic abundance would eventually come to define the American way of life, in which personal fulfillment was to be found through acquiring material goods. ● Earning a "living wage" came to be viewed as a natural and absolute right of citizenship. . Father John A. Ryan ● .Mass consumption came to occupy a central place in descriptions of American society and its future. Varieties of Progressivism Industrial Freedom ● Frederick W. Taylor pioneered scientific management. Eroded freedom of the skilled workers ● Many believed that unions embodied an essential principle of freedom-the right of people to govern themselves. The Socialist Presence and Eugene Debs ● The Socialist Party called for immediate reforms. ● Socialism flourished in diverse communities throughout the country. New York Milwaukee ● Eugene Debs was socialism's loudest voice. ● He ran for president in 1912 on the Socialist ticket AFL and IWW ● The AFL sought to forge closer ties with forward-looking corporate leaders who were willing to deal with unions as a way to stabilize employee relations. ● A group of unionists who rejected the AFL's exclusionary policies formed the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The New Immigrants on Strike ● Immigrant strikes demonstrated that while ethnic divisions among workers impeded labor solidarity, ethnic cohesiveness could also be a basis of unity. ● The Lawrence strike demonstrated that workers sought not only higher wages but the opportunity to enjoy the finer things in life. Labor and Civil Liberties ● The courts rejected the claims of labor. ● Labor unions fought for the right to assemble and speak freely. The New Feminism

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● Feminists' forthright attack on traditional rules of sexual behavior added a new dimension to the discussion of personal freedom. ● Issues of intimate personal relations previously confined to private discussion blazed forth in popular magazines and public debates. The Birth-Control Movement ● Emma Goldman lectured on sexual freedom and access to birth control. ● Margaret Sanger placed the issue of birth control at the heart of the new feminism. Native American Progressivism ● The Society of American Indians was founded in 1911 as a reform organization independent of white control. ● Carlos Montezuma became an outspoken critic, demanding that all Indians be granted full citizenship. The Politics of Progressivism Effective Freedom ● Progressivism was an international movement as cities throughout the world experienced similar social strains from rapid industrialization and urban growth