Chapter 3 for American Yawp _British North America_(2)

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Ch. 3 British North America The first flag of
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives • Understand the development and differences between each of the three major colonial regions in North America. • Recognize the cultural importance of these differences, especially regarding religion, economics, and communal development. • Acknowledge the reality of slavery and how it evolved in the New World. • Study the development of racial ideas in both the Old and New World and how these ideas came to define notions of subjecthood and human difference. • Grasp the central concepts of the Enlightenment and its legacy and why it is viewed as the foundation of modern western culture.
Thirteen Colonies Geography Map
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The Thirteen Colonies • By 1700, British North American consisted of several colonies. By 1750, the “thirteen original colonies” had taken form. • The final thirteen colonies divided loosely into three regions—New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. • Settled at different times over the course of the British lower and working classes, as well as the religious minorities.
Colonial Diversity Martin’s Best Tobacco advertisement Map of Maryland, Virginia and Carolina (1714) • Granted a royal charter in 1624, Virginia became the first royal colony in British North America. • Encompassed some of the most fertile land in the nation, especially in the area around the Chesapeake Bay. Plantations and agricultural villages far outnumbered cities, towns and ports. • Planters and investors discovered that tobacco grew quickly and cheaply (at first), giving rise to a tobacco boom that made Virginia one of the most profitable colonies.
Southern Colonies • Virginia (1607) – First permanent English settlement in the New World. • Maryland (1634) – Colony established for escaping Catholics. • North Carolina (1653) – Established to prevent the Spanish from moving northward. • South Carolina (1663) – Established to prevent the Spanish from moving northweard and allowed growing of different crops. • Georgia (1732) – Established as a safe haven of debtorsd, the poor and unfortunate
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Maryland—1634 • Founded by Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a haven for Catholics and to make a profit. Unfortunately, Lord Baltimore’s hopes of a diverse Christian colony were thwarted. Most colonists were Protestants relocating from Virginia. • Maryland was a proprietary colony; this meant Lord Baltimore had the absolute authority to grant land, administer justice, establish a government, and collect all fees. • Economy: Tobacco
Massachusetts and New England • Religion was a motivating factor in the creation of several other colonies as well, including the New England colonies of Connecticut and Rhode Island. • Originally split into two separate colonies—Plymouth (1620) and Massachusetts Bay (1628)—but eventually became a unified Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. • Settled by the Puritans and other religious minorities from England and the Netherlands, who lived in communities known as “congregations” and organized into “townships.” • Highly religious in politics and everyday life, each community elected their own leaders from within the local congregation, often giving power to the best sermonizers.
Rhode Island • Founded by Roger Williams, an exile from Massachusetts Bay Colony. • Joined by other famous exiles—Anne Hutchinson • These separate communities passed laws abolishing witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt and, in 1652, chattel slavery. Because of the colony’s policy of toleration, it became a haven for Quakers, Jews, and other persecuted religious groups. In 1663, Charles II granted the colony a royal charter establishing the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
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New Netherland, New York and the Middle Colonies • Founded by the Dutch as New Netherland until seized by the British until 1664, who renamed it New York after its new ruler, James, Duke of York. • Organized around the city of New Amsterdam (Dutch)/New York (British), creating the first major urban space in British North America. • The economy was built upon fur trade, using the lush Hudson River Valley to hunt hundreds of thousands of valuable beavers, minks, and wolves for the pelts. • Adopted some social and cultural aspects of both New England and the Chesapeake –for example, religious freedom from New England and a trade-based economy from the Chesapeake.
Pennsylvania • Founded: 1682 by William Penn and others, at Philadelphia • Major Industry: Agriculture (wheat, corn, cattle, dairy), Manufacturing (textiles, papermaking, shipbuilding) • Major Cities: Philadelphia, Lancaster, York • Colony Named for: William Penn and Sylvania, Latin for “forest” • Became a State: December 12, 1787
The Origins of the African Slave Trade and Slavery Slave chain gang • By the 1620s, the Atlantic slave trade had existed for decades, though not much further north than the Caribbean. • In 1619, “20 and odd negroes” arrived in Jamestown, Va., on the Dutch trader White Lion in return for food and supplies for the ship’s return. • Slavery did not exist in the British empire until the 1640s, so these Africans, as well as many of those who came afterward, were treated as indentured servants.
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Cash Crops & Slavery in Southern Colonies Middle Passage Olaudah Equiano’s Interesting Narrative (1789) Upper South—tobacco; Lower South—rice and indigo
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: The Middle Passage
Slaves during the Middle Passage
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Slave Auction in Colonial America
Map of African American slavery in the Thirteen Colonies
Riot, Rebellion and Revolt • The large influx of settlers to New England, and their expansion into surrounding lands in Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island led to clashes with local Native Americans
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The Pequot War— 1636-1637 • A deadly war in Connecticut, including an English attack on the Pequot settlement near the Mystic River. • The English surrounded the village at Mystic River. • Outside the ring of English soldiers were their Narragansett and Mohegan allies, the traditional enemies of the Pequot. • The English set fire to English homes; the few who survived the fire were shot fleeing the flames. • The foundations of the war lay within the rivalry between the Pequot, the Narragansett, and the Mohegan, who battled for control of the fur and wampum trades in the northeast. The attack on the Pequot Village on the Mystic River, June 5, 1637. This image illustrates the English attack on the Pequot settlement near the Mystic River. The woodcut shows the English surrounding the village; outside the ring of English soldiers were their Narragansett allies, the traditional enemies of the Pequots. The English set fire to Pequot homes; the few who survived the fire were shot fleeing the flames.
New England Colonies Before Pequot War -- 1636
New England Colonies After the Pequot War -- 1639
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King Philip’s War—1676 • Proportionately the deadliest war in U.S. history. • Approximately 2,500 colonist died during the war—about 5% of the total population of New England at the time. • About 5,000 Indians died— about 40% of the total Indian population in the area where the war took place. • Following King Philip’s War, the region’s Native Americans lost much of their land base in New England
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King Philip’s War – Map
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Bacon’s Rebellion—Sept. 19, 1776 • Following months of protest against repeated Native American raids, Nathaniel Bacon and his group of 500 rural poor and indentured servants marched on Jamestown and demanded the resignation of Gov. William Berkeley. When he fled, Bacon and his followers burned the capitol to the ground. • Bacon dies, Gov. Berkeley suppresses the rebellion and several rebels are executed • The event called into question the viability of indentured servants, as white servants had a legitimate legal argument against colonial oppression. Slavery would emerge as the preferred source of labor. • It likewise ruined relations between colonists in Virginia and Native Americans. Gov. William Berkeley Bacon confronts Gov. Berkeley
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Indentured Servitude Indenture of a “poor child” in Norwich, England, 1727. Courtesy of the Family History Library.
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The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 • Just a few years after Bacon’s Rebellion, the Spanish experienced their own tumult in the area of contemporary New Mexico. The Spanish had been maintaining control partly by suppressing Native American beliefs. • The revolt led a coordinated rebellion against Spanish missions and oppression. Four hundred Spaniards were killed along with twenty- one Franciscan priests. • They liberated their land from the Spanish, restored their own religious institutions, and set up a government that lasted until 1692. • In 1692, the Spanish returned and once again took control of the region but repression was less harsh than before.
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The Yamasee War (1715) • The Yamasee (Creek) tribe attacked and killed South Carolina traders in coastal towns. • The settlers plan to defeat a larger Indian force was to divide the tribes to fight against one another • The Creeks were going to meet the Cherokee to discuss war plans but were instead attacked by them • The lucrative trade in enslaved Native Americans largely dwindled after the war, leading to more importation of African slaves in Carolina
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Thirteen British North American Colonies
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