IELTS_14_test_2_complete (1)

Test 2 HERRS e SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. TOTAL HEALTH CLINIC PATIENT DETAILS Personal information Example Name Julie Anne ..... Garcia, . Contact phone T S Date of birth e , 1992 Occupation WOTKS @8 @ 3 .o Insurance company S Life Insurance Details of the problem Type of problem pain in her left 5 When it began 6 Action already taken has taken painkillers and applied ice Other information Sports played belongs t0 @ 7 e club GOBE B ........ conmmersicvisemmmmmssians regularly Medical history injured her 9 ... last year no allergies no regular medication apart from 10 ... 32

Listening SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-15 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 11 12 13 14 15 Visit to Branley Castle Before Queen Elizabeth | visited the castle in 1576, A repairs were carried out to the guest rooms. B anew building was constructed for her. C afire damaged part of the main hall. In 1982, the castle was sold to A the government. B the Fenys family. C an entertainment company. In some of the rooms, visitors can A speak to experts on the history of the castle. B interact with actors dressed as famous characters. C see models of historical figures moving and talking. In the castle park, visitors can A see an 800-year-old tree. B go to an art exhibition. C visit a small zoo. At the end of the visit, the group will have A afternoon tea in the conservatory. B the chance to meet the castle’s owners. C aphotograph together on the Great Staircase. 33

Listening SECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-24 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 21 22 23 24 Woolly mammoths on St Paul’s Island How will Rosie and Martin introduce their presentation? A with a drawing of woolly mammoths in their natural habitat B with a timeline showing when woolly mammoths lived C with a video clip about woolly mammoths What was surprising about the mammoth tooth found by Russell Graham? A It was still embedded in the mammoth’s jawbone. B It was from an unknown species of mammoth. C It was not as old as mammoth remains from elsewhere. The students will use an animated diagram to demonstrate how the mammoths A became isolated on the island. B spread from the island to other areas. C coexisted with other animals on the island. According to Martin, what is unusual about the date of the mammoths’ extinction on the island? A howexactitis B howearlyitis C how it was established 35

Test 2 Questions 25-30 What action will the students take for each of the following sections of their presentation? Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 25-30. Actions make it more interactive reduce visual input add personal opinions contact one of the researchers make detailed notes find information online check timing I oG M m oo mw » organise the content more clearly Sections of presentation 25 Introducton 26 Discovery of the mammoth tooth .. ... 27 Initial questions asked by the researchers ... 28 Further research carried out on the island =~ ... 29 Findings and possible explanations ... 30 Relevance to the presentday ... 36

Test 2 READING READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Alexander Henderson (1831-1913) Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby. Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal. Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association’s first meeting, which was held in Notman’s studio on 11 January 1860. In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman’s landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson’s early work. This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http:/Amww.biographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission. 38

Reading In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums. Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris. In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Liévre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction. In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography. When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal. This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission. 39

Reading Questions 913 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9—13 on your answer sheet. Alexander Henderson Early life o was born in Scotland in 1831 —fatherwas @9 ..., e trained as an accountant, emigrated to Canada in 1855 Start of a photographic career e opened up a photographic studio in 1866 * took photos of city life, but preferred landscape photography ° people bought Henderson’s photos because photography took up considerable time and the 10 ... was heavy e the photographs Henderson soldwere 11 ... or souvenirs Travelling as a professional photographer e travelled widely in Quebec and Ontario in 1870s and 1880s e took many trips along easternriversin @12 ... * worked for Canadian railways between 1875 and 1897 * worked for CPR in 1885 and photographed the 13 ... and the railway at Rogers Pass 41

Test 2 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Back to the future of skyscraper design Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries A The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge. ‘The crisis in building design is already here, said Short. ‘Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.’ B Shortis calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed — to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the ‘life support’ system of vast air conditioning units. Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors. C Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements. D Short’s book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873—1889). ‘We spent three years digitally modelling Billings’ final designs,” says Short. ‘We put pathogens’ in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm. * pathogens: microorganisms that can cause disease

Test 2 Questions 14—-18 Reading Passage 2 has nine sections, A-l. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14—18 on your answer sheet. 14 why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century 15 a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige 16 a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modern standards 17 how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building 18 an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning 44

Reading Questions 19-26 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19—-26 on your answer sheet. Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wards Professor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19 ... of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20 ... in the air coming from patients suffering from 7 [ would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air I BR siomonmssommnie in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the24 ... for protection against bad air, known as 25 ... . These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics B B0 i in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century. 45

Reading Why companies should welcome disorder Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives — all those inboxes and calendars — or how companies are structured, a multi-billion dollar industry helps to meet this need. We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organisation than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organise our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this. This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right. The number of business schools and graduates has massively increased over the past 50 years, essentially teaching people how to organise well. Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed. This begs the question: what has gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, but in reality falls well short of what is expected? This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while. New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it’s the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it’s the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea that disorder must be detrimental to organisational productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend time and money organising themselves for the sake of organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort. What’s more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity. Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the resources involved can be better used elsewhere. 47

Test 2 48 In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached. In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure). For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing aids, used what it called a ‘spaghetti’ structure in order to reduce the organisation’s rigid hierarchies. This involved scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership over their own time and projects. This approach proved to be highly successful initially, with clear improvements in worker productivity in all facets of the business. In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the ‘boundaryless’ organisation. Again, it involves breaking down the barriers between different parts of a company and encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together. A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is useful. But we should not fear it — nor venerate one over the other. This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work.

Test 2 WRITING WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The chart below shows the value of one country’s exports in various categories during 2015 and 2016. The table shows the percentage change in each category of exports in 2016 compared with 2015. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. 50 $ billions Export Earnings (2015-2016) o | Petroleum IEngineered' Gems and 'Agriculturall Textiles products goods jewellery products Product Category Percentage change in values (2015-2016) Petroleum products 4 3% Engineered goods 4 s85% Gems and jewellery 5.18% \ 4 Agricultural products 4 o081% Textiles 4 1524%

Writing WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some people say that the main environmental problem of our time is the loss of particular species of plants and animals. Others say that there are more important environmental problems. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. 51