5.08 Study Guide

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5.08 Review Notes Directions: Use the information in lesson 5.08 as well as the module lessons to take bullet point notes on the information that may be covered on your exams. All items are possible Module 5 Exam topics. Items in BOLD PRINT are possible Final Exam topics Slide 2: U.S. Response to World War Write notes in bullet point phrases DO NOT COPY AND PASTE - NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR COPYING AND PASTING Key Concept In My Own Words What When Who Significance Nye Committee (5.01) ● Post WWI ● Media alleges arms manufacturers pushed US to join war for profit ● Committee tasked to investigate 1934 Senator Gerald Nye and others ● Nye’s said the investigation would prove that the war was for profit, not defense ● Spread American belief to stay out of foreign affairs ● Isolationism prevents war profiteering ● Investigation finds no evidence of a true conspiracy Neutrality Acts (5.01) ● The 1935 act, passed by Congress on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that ● American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months. 1935 ● Between 1935 and 1937 Congress passed three "Neutrality Acts" that tried to keep the United States out of war, by making it illegal for Americans to sell or transport arms, or other war materials to belligerent nations. Cash and Carry Policy (5.01)- what was it? ● they could pay cash for American-made supplies and then transport them on their own ships. 1939, Germany Poland Roosevelt ● The purpose of this policy was to allow the Allied nations at war with Germany to purchase war materials while maintaining a semblance of neutrality for the United States.

Lend-Lease Act (5.01)- what was it? Why did Roosevelt feel it necessary? ● Provided that the president could ship weapons, food, or equipment to any country whose struggle against the Axis assisted U.S. defense. March 11, 1941 US Roosevelt ● Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States. Atlantic Charter Conference (5.02)- who was there? What was agreed? ● The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941 following a meeting of the two heads of government in Newfoundland. ● The Atlantic Charter provided a broad statement of U.S. and British war aims. August 14, 1941 Winston Churchill President Franklin D. Roosevelt ● it publicly affirmed the sense of solidarity between the U.S. and Great Britain against Axis aggression Slide 3: The United States Enters the War Write notes in bullet point phrases DO NOT COPY AND PASTE - NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR COPYING AND PASTING Key Concept In My Own Words What When Who/Where Significance Pearl Harbor (5.02/5.03) ● Surprise attack ● 350 Japanese warplanes ● Largest US naval base in Pacific December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ● Surprise attack catches American forces off-guard ● Minimal defense, significant casualties among military and civilians ● Damage to Pacific Fleet: 8 battleships, 350+ airplanes ● Roosevelt speech the next day refers to the

attack as "a date which will live in infamy" ● Roosevelt's speech sways public opinion, abandoning neutrality ● Congress declares war on Japan within an hour ● Germany and Italy, Japan's allies, reciprocate by declaring war on the United States ● Official entry of the United States into World War II Japanese- American Internment (5.05)- what led up to it? ● Virtually all Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes and property and live in camps for most of the war February 19, 1942 Japanese Americans President Franklin D. Roosevelt ● sparked constitutional and political debate Tehran Conference (5.02) ● The Tehran Conference was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from November 28 to December 1, 1943, resulting in the Western Allies' commitment to open a second front against Nazi Germany. November 28 to December 1, 1943 Western Allies Nazi Germany ● During the Conference, the three leaders coordinated their military strategy against Germany and Japan and made a number of important decisions concerning the post World War II era. Yalta ● At Yalta, February 4, 1945 U.S. President ● it divided

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Conference (5.02)- purpose Roosevelt and Churchill discussed with Stalin the conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan and all three agreed that, in exchange for potentially crucial Soviet participation in the Pacific theater, the Soviets would be granted a sphere of influence in Manchuria following Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin Germany and Berlin into four allied zones. Slide 4: Two Wars Write notes in bullet point phrases DO NOT COPY AND PASTE - NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR COPYING AND PASTING Key Concept In My Own Words What When Who/Where Significance D-Day (5.02)- significance ● First day of the Allied offensive ● Invasion of German occupied France by land, air and sea June 6, 1944 ● Over 155,000 men and 50,000 vehicles ● Normandy beaches on the coast of France ● Germans well entrenched, fierce resistance against Allied attack ● Eleven divisions of combat soldiers deployed by the Allies ● Landing on five different beaches with code names: Omaha, Gold, Juno, Sword, and Utah ● Objective to unite beachheads into one front and move inland ● Allies face over

9,000 casualties during D-Day landings ● Despite casualties, Allies maintain control of beachheads ● By June 11, beachheads linked, paving the way for the Allies to march inland Battle of the Bulge (5.02) ● the last German offensive on the Western Front, an unsucces sful attempt to divide the Allied forces and prevent an invasion of Germany Dec. 16, 1944–Jan. 16, 1945 German ● The Battle of the Bulge marked the last German offensive on the Western Front Island-hopping (5.03) ● skipping over heavily fortified islands in order to seize lightly defended locations that could support the next advance August 1942 General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz ● they played “leapfrog” with the Japanese, landing their forces in areas where they could disrupt enemy supply lines and isolate Bataan Death March (5.03) ● Forcing 60,000- 80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war to march April 9, 1942 Japanese ● The Bataan Death March is remembered as an absolute tragedy. ● The prisoners of war were forced to march through tropical

through the Philippine s conditions, enduring heat, humidity, and rain without adequate medical care. ● They suffered from starvation, having to sleep in the harsh conditions of the Philippines. Battle of Midway (5.03)- significance ● World War II naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroye d Japan's first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots. June 3–6, 1942 US and Japanese naval forces ● This critical US victory stopped the growth of Japan in the Pacific and put the United States in a position to begin shrinking the Japanese empire through a years-long series of island-hopping invasions and several even larger naval battles. Battle of Iwo Jima (5.03) ● U.S. Marines invaded Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945, after months of naval and air bombard ment February 19, 1945 U.S. Marines ● It had been one of the bloodiest battles in Marine Corps history. ● After the battle, Iwo Jima served as an emergency landing site for more than 2,200 B-29 bombers, saving the lives of 24,000 U.S. airmen. Securing Iwo Jima prepared the way for the last and largest battle in the Pacific: the invasion of

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Okinawa. Slide 5: The End of the War Write notes in bullet point phrases DO NOT COPY AND PASTE - NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR COPYING AND PASTING Key Concept In My Own Words What When Who/Where Significance The Final Solution (5.04) ● Hitler’s plan to exterminate the Jewish people ● Better known as the Holocaust 1942-1945 Concentration campus in the lands that Germany conquered ● January 1942: Top Nazi officials in a secret conference ● Goal: "coordinate a Final Solution to the Jewish Problem" ● Mission identified as genocide ● Nazis aim to accomplish mass murder ● Target groups include Jews, Roma, homosexuals, and others deemed inferior ● Approximately 11 million individuals killed in the Holocaust V-E Day (5.06) ● On May 8, 1945 - known as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day - celebrations erupted around the world to mark the end of World War II in Europe May 8, 1945 Europe Germany ● On Victory in Europe Day, or V-E Day, Germany unconditionally surrendered its military forces to the Allies, including the United States. ● On May 8, 1945 - known as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day -

celebrations erupted around the world to mark the end of World War II in Europe Potsdam Declaration (5.06) ● Potsdam Declaration, ultimatum issued by the United States, Great Britain, and China on July 26, 1945, calling for the unconditional surrender of Japan. July 26, 1945 United States, Great Britain, and China ● called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II Hiroshima & Nagasaki (5.06)- what happened ● The two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 killed and maimed hundreds of thousands of people 1945 Hiroshima Nagasaki ● By the end of 1945, the bombing had killed an estimated 140,000 people in Hiroshima, and a further 74,000 in Nagasaki V-J Day (5.06) ● When President Harry S. Truman announced on Aug. 14, 1945, that Japan had surrendered unconditionall y, war-weary citizens around the world erupted in celebration. Aug. 14, 1945 ● marks the end of World War II, one of the deadliest and most destructive wars in history. Slide 6: Vocabulary Practice Part 1 Write notes in bullet point phrases DO NOT COPY AND PASTE - NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR COPYING AND PASTING Key Word/Term In My Own Words

Appeasement (5.01) Appeasement is like giving in to a bully's requests to avoid more trouble and keep things calm. It's a strategy where you agree to some of what a dictator wants in the hopes that it will stop them from asking for more and maintain peace, even though it might not be the best long-term solution. Fascism (5.01) Fascism is a political ideology characterized by extreme authoritarianism, nationalism, and a dictatorial government led by a single, often charismatic leader. (5.01) Totalitarianism refers to a political system where the government has complete control over all aspects of public and private life. anti-Semitism (5.04) Anti-Semitism is a term that describes prejudice, discrimination, or hostility directed against Jews. It involves the unjust and biased treatment of individuals or groups based on their Jewish heritage, religion, or cultural identity. Intelligentsia (5.04) The term "intelligentsia" refers to a social class or group of highly educated and intellectually inclined individuals who are actively engaged in intellectual and cultural pursuits. These individuals often play a significant role in shaping and influencing society through their contributions to literature, academia, art, and critical thinking. Displaced persons (5.04) Displaced persons, in simple terms, refer to individuals who have been forced to leave their homes or usual places of residence due to various reasons such as war, conflict, persecution, or natural disasters. Slide 7: Vocabulary Practice Part 2 Write notes in bullet point phrases DO NOT COPY AND PASTE - NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR COPYING AND PASTING Key Word/Term In My Own Words Kamikaze (5.03) Japanese pilots in World War II who, instead of returning from their missions, loaded their planes with bombs and fuel and intentionally crashed them into enemy ships. It was a kind of suicide mission aimed at causing maximum damage to the enemy. Genocide (5.04) Genocide, in my own words, refers to the intentional and systematic act of causing serious harm or the outright destruction of a particular group of people based on their ethnic, religious, racial, or national identity.

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Ghettos (5.04) In my own words, ghettos refer to segregated and often impoverished areas where a particular group of people, typically due to social, economic, or discriminatory factors, are compelled to live in close proximity. Rationing (5.05) Rationing is a system or practice of controlling and distributing limited resources, goods, or services among a population during times of scarcity or emergency. Code talkers (5.03) Code talkers were individuals, predominantly Native American servicemen, who played a crucial role during World War II by using their native languages as unbreakable codes for secure communication. Manhattan Project (5.06) The Manhattan Project was a top-secret, World War II-era research and development initiative undertaken by the United States, aiming to build the first atomic bombs through scientific collaboration and technological innovation. Embargo (5.01) An embargo is a government-imposed restriction or prohibition on the trade of specific goods, services, or dealings with a particular country, usually for political, economic, or security reasons. Propaganda (5.05)- examples and purpose Propaganda is a form of persuasive communication that seeks to influence or manipulate people's beliefs, opinions, or behaviors by presenting information in a biased or misleading manner, often to serve a particular agenda or ideology. Lesson 5.01 Key Term/Concept Description Significance? Treaty of Versailles (contribution to WWII) The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, was a peace settlement that officially ended World War I and imposed harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses, military restrictions, and financial reparations, setting the stage for political and economic challenges that contributed to the outbreak of World War II. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, marked the end of World War I and imposed harsh terms on Germany, contributing to economic hardships, political instability, and resentment, ultimately playing a role in the rise of Adolf Hitler and the outbreak of World War II. Actions of Hitler prior to WWII Before World War II, Adolf Hitler, as the leader of Nazi Germany, pursued aggressive expansionist policies, implemented anti-Semitic laws, Hitler's actions prior to World War II, including the reoccupation of the Rhineland, the annexation of Austria (Anschluss), and the Munich Agreement's appeasement,

and engaged in militarization, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of the war through territorial invasions and the persecution of certain populations. significantly set the stage for the conflict by showcasing his aggressive expansionist agenda and the failure of international powers to effectively respond to his ambitions. American Isolationism/Neutrality prior to 1941 Before 1941, American isolationism and neutrality reflected a policy of avoiding direct involvement in global conflicts, as the United States sought to prioritize domestic concerns and maintain a stance of non-intervention in international affairs. American isolationism and neutrality prior to 1941 were significant as they reflected the nation's desire to avoid involvement in the escalating conflicts of World War II, shaping its foreign policy and delaying intervention until the attack on Pearl Harbor ultimately compelled the United States to enter the war. Roosevelt support of WWII prior to 1941 and American reaction to it Before 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt provided increasing support to Allied powers in World War II through measures like the Lend-Lease Act, but public opinion in the United States was largely divided, with a significant portion of the population favoring isolationism and being hesitant to engage in the conflict. Prior to 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's support for the Allied powers through measures such as the Lend-Lease Act, despite strong isolationist sentiments among the American public, played a crucial role in aiding the Allies and shaping the United States' eventual entry into World War II. Lesson 5.04 Key Term/Concept Who? (People/Groups) What Was It? Significance? Holocaust Jews Nazi Adolf Hitler The Holocaust was the systematic genocide carried out by Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime and its collaborators during World War II. It resulted in the systematic persecution and extermination of six million European Jews, along with millions of other The Holocaust holds profound significance as one of the darkest and most heinous chapters in human history, representing the systematic genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The deliberate and organized mass murder of six million Jews, along with millions of other innocent victims, reflects the

victims, including Romani people, Poles, Soviet POWs, disabled individuals, and others. extreme consequences of unchecked hatred, discrimination, and prejudice. The Holocaust serves as a stark reminder of the catastrophic impact of dehumanization, intolerance, and indifference, compelling the world to confront the atrocities committed and to strive for global recognition of human rights and dignity. It has shaped international efforts to prevent such atrocities in the future, contributing to the establishment of mechanisms for justice, accountability, and the promotion of tolerance and understanding. The Holocaust remains a somber symbol of the urgent need for vigilance against intolerance and the protection of human rights on a global scale. Lesson 5.05 Key Term/Concept Description Significance? WWII Propaganda- examples of messages German propaganda emphasized the prowess of the German army and contrasted it with the British and Allied armies who were depicted as cowards and butchers, or brave but misguided. Using a vast array of media, propagandists instigated hatred for the enemy and support for America's allies, urged greater public effort for war production and victory gardens, persuaded people to save some of their material so that more material could be used for the war effort, and sold war bonds. Women’s roles in WWII - what did they do? What effect did it have on daily life? worked as nurses, drove trucks, repaired airplanes, and performed clerical work women were involved in other aspects of the war effort outside of factories

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Korematsu V. US A Japanese-American man living in San Leandro, Fred Korematsu, chose to stay at his residence rather than obey the order to relocate In addition to its historical significance, the case had great legal impact because it was the first time the Court created a separate standard of review for a law utilizing a suspect classification, stating that laws which discriminate on the basis of race “are immediately suspect Civil Rights achievements post WWII- what law was passed and what was its effect? The two most significant pieces of civil rights legislation since Reconstruction were passed within two years of each other. Between the two, these Acts outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 German American experiences during WWII- how did WWII affect them in America? Families were disrupted, reputations destroyed, homes and belongings lost. World War II, industrial expansion, and Americanization efforts reinforced the cultural assimilation of many German Americans. After the war, one more surge of German immigrants arrived in the United States, as survivors of the conflict sought to escape its grim aftermath Rationing - what was it and why was it done? setting limits on purchasing certain high-demand items To meet this surging demand, the federal government took steps to conserve crucial supplies, including establishing a rationing system that impacted virtually every family in the United States. Rationing involved setting limits on purchasing certain high- demand items. Civil Rights Activist feelings on the war and how it affected their fight for equal rights initiated major attacks against discrimination and segregation, even in the Jim Crow South nearly four million slaves were freed Lesson 5.06

Key Term/Concept Description Significance? Development and use of Atomic Weapons Scientists first developed nuclear weapons technology during World War II From this point of view, the significance of nuclear weapons is to deter war because any nuclear war would escalate out of mutual distrust and fear, resulting in mutually assured destruction. Truman’s decision to use atomic weapons and the effect it had on other nations after. Truman wanted to end the war with Japan, however Truman blamed the communist Soviet Union for the Chinese Insurgents. The Hiroshima Bombing Didn't Just End WWII—It Kick-Started the Cold War. The colossal power of the atomic bomb drove the world's two leading superpowers into a new confrontation. Arguments against using the Atomic Bomb militarily unnecessary, inherently immoral, a war crime, or a form of state terrorism the bombings were unnecessary to win the war or that they constituted a war crime or genocide. Nuremberg Trials- who was on trial? Why? What principle was established at the trials? all of humanity would be guarded by an international legal shield and that even a Head of State would be held criminally responsible and punished for aggression and Crimes Against Humanity. Any person who commits an act which constitutes a crime under international law is responsible therefore and liable to punishment.

5.08 Study Guide

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