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Rutgers University *
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ECONOMIC H
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History
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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docx
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9
Uploaded by ys668
1
Rutgers University
Yusuf Sarii
U.S. Labor & work
2/20/2021
James Horn: Jamestown and the Forging of American democracy
An exceptional year in which American independence and American slavery come
together in a hot spell in was
in
the middle of summer 1619 along the shores of the River James,
Virginia
. ,
What truly happened in the span of a few weeks from each other that would deeply
shape the trajectory of history. The first meeting of a representative governing body in America
came together in the newly built church of Jamestown. A few weeks later, the first African slaves
landed in the mainland of English America, entering Chesapeake Bay. In 1619
, historian
James
Horn , historian, brought to light the year which gave rise to our nation's great paradox: slavery
in the midst of freedom. This portentous year marked both the origins of American history's
greatest political development, democracy, as well as that of what would eventually become one
of the greatest challenges of the nation: the corrosive legacies of racial inequality that have
afflicted America since its inception
. This paper discusses how slavery and racial prejudice
gradually evolved in Virginia during the half century following the arrival of the Angolans.
(DELETE “This paper discusses how…”. It’s important to use the thesis as the main points and
transition in the paper. Something more like… The evolution of slavery and racial prejudice in
early 17
th
century
Virginia is unclear because both T
aylor and Baiylin contradict them
selves.
(then introduce how it evolved and its significance)
2
Horn refers to two events that took place simultaneously and which shaped the whole of
the American history: a general assembly meeting and the arrival of a buttered privateer. A
couple weeks back, it carted the first shipment of African slaves (Horn 17) (How does quote
have relevance to main point of argument)
This quote shows the Africans
were called slaves as
soon as they were being shipped to the Americas, from Africa and south America.
. According to
this well-narrated account of events in history, Virginia is where slavery and liberty were born in
history at the same time (Bly 36). He has is also proof proven that Africans were already slaves
in the middle of the sixteenth century and mentions some British and American people who took
advantage of this business. Horn relates a tale about the emergence of the settlement of
Jamestown along the shores of the James River in Virginia with a vision of peace and liberty
(Horn 53). He also tells the origins of the first slaves to the Congo. (I would include a transition
into the next
paragraph. Along the lines of… While Horn and Bailyn highlight
the tradition of
exploiting African slaves beginning earlier than colonization, there are some reasons why others
believe it’s a product of American colonization.
However according to Allan Taylor, he argues that, Early early Jamestown truly
resembles a vision of insanity, starvation, sickness and abuse (Taylor 87) ( I
’d recommend using
actual quotes and integrating them into your own sentences. Adds strength and support to
argument)
This quote shows that Africans
were abused and owned by Europeans since they were
held against their will
which shows that Taylor contradicts .
himself. Also
,, even if they weren’t
called slaves they sure were being treated as ones.
The London colonist company, The Virginia
Corporation, naively told the colonial representatives not to encourage the Indians to see English
people killed
, because since the indigenous people could realize that the colonists were mere
mortals. This lesson was easily unlikely, as the colonists perished in vast numbers from sickness
3
and malnutrition. Just thirty-eight of the original 104 settlers who had landed in April 1607 lasted
nine months longer. The ongoing transportation of newcomers scarcely kept the colony going
(Taylor 129). 220 colonists were present in the spring of 1609, but just sixty of them lasted the
winter.
winter. So
this shows how much power the Europeans had over the Africans
since there
were probably 4 times as much Africans
in numbers. There was even one instance in which
o
One hungry colonist assassinated his wife and consumed her, for which he was burnt.
Another thing to remember regarding 1619 was that Tsenacommacah's English
settlement and occupation were by no way certain. Bailyn’s has written against the establishment
of democracy in 1619 as a required phase in the unnecessary: "If we make the error of fixing that
position in time as intrinsically or predictably as English (Bly 441), we pave the way for the
assumption that the United States still existed in embryonic form." This quote explains that
America was still underdeveloped with no f
orm of governance or order which gave insisted the
Europeans to own slaves since there were no consequences amo
ng the land they were on.
(
The
quote does not give much insight as to what the author or you are trying to prove. I would
suggest using a quote from Bailyn that has more substance)
In the half a century after the advent of the Angolan population, slavery and ethnic
discrimination eventually developed in Virginia when the Portuguese captured them and they
became "20 and strange" on August 20, 1619, and bought by the English colonists (Hagedorn
594). The first Africans enslaved, who arrived at Point Ease, today called Hampton Roads (so
what?)
. Many of their names and the exact sum that remained at Point Comfort was lost in
history, however most of their voyage is documented. Allan Taylor also argues that, In America,
nothing succeeds, particularly when writing common history (Taylor 151).
This goes to show that
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4
documentation at the time was not very accurate and shows that there could have been slaves
during 1619 or
even before 1619 which can be a contradiction.
Originally, the Portuguese imperial powers were captured and sent to Luanda port, the
capital of modern Angola, in prison rulers of the Kongo and Ndongo Tribal Kingdoms (Horn
28)
. The San Juan Bautista ship was ordered from there to sail to Veracruz, in the colony of New
Spain. Typically, approximately 150 of the 350 prisoners on board the boat died at the cruise.
Two privateers, the White Lion and the Treasurer, hit the boats when it reached its goal
(Bailyn
64)
.
It was the White Lion that at the Punta Comfort at Virginia Colony, and on August 20, 1619
exchanged a number of prisoners for food.
(
While an important aspect to history, I would fix the
gr
ammar and context in which you express it. For instance, highlight more of the “so what” as a
result of these pi
eces of history
)
Bailyn's part is to blame Jamestown for his bad credibility for the famous historical
memory of the succeeding New England Pilgrim colonists of 1620 (Bailyn 91). This First
Thanksgiving is, of course, a highly selective image. The pilgrims fingered friendship two
years later in order to trick seven Indians into a deadly trap. The victors raised a head to
the fort to scare the surviving indigenous populations (Horn 15). But American
schoolchildren respond to the first thanksgiving every year instead of the following head to
the pole
. This shows that the colonists were willing to betray the people of the land and kill to
have their own freedom and territory. Also if the pilgrims were so brutal towards the Indians it
wouldn’t make
sense that they were easy on the Africans
because they were willing to do
anything for their new world.
(How do pilgrims come into fruition in the paper. What is the
significance an
d how does it have to do with the evolution of slavery?)
5
Bailyn’s
His
narrative started in the middle of 1619, when two occurrences were
strikingly juxtaposed – the first general assembly of Virginia and the introduction of the
first African slaves. By 1619, the elite of the settlement had cause to believe that it was
behind the darkest days. Links with indigenous neighbors were friendly or, at least, secure,
and the new colonial charter encouraged the acquisition by colonists of private farms and
public affairs (Horn 11).
(I like where this sentence brings your argument. Adds more strength
and creditability. Very well done-examples are key!)
This quote supports Bailyn’s argument that
the colonists were not so hostile against the Africans
and actually had an agreement which shows
that it is
not clear how the colonist treated the Africans in 1619 or before. The most influential
reformer of the Virginia Company, Edward Sandys, saw in America not only the potential
for benefit but most particularly, the hard cut stuff that is a safer way of life for citizens
(Bly 442). Sandys, while not a Puritan, has his own view of a city on a mountain: the land of
mutuality between kings and leaders, the religious correctness of the Church of England
and the abundance of a number of crops, not only tobacco. Virginia may not have been
utopia in Sandys' aspiration, but it might have been a commonwealth in which citizens
might be wealthy not instead, but because of the way they cared after each other.
But James Horn explores a far greater catastrophic occurrence in a recent reflection
on this seminal coulter, 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy (Horn
3). A promise of the collective good, which evolved from the horrors of the first years and
may have influenced the eventual United States, has been overshadowed in Jamestown—
not in 1607 but around a decade and a half later (Bly 442). Horn's is a story about what
should have been accomplished and is ideally placed to inform him, as President of the
Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation, which encourages on-site testing and training.
6
This hope was destroyed by disaster. The poisonous brawl of war and intrigue that
after 1622 has shattered the trust in "Democratically" and created the mirror of Sandys's
vision in several respects. Second, Opechancanough and other natives organized their
effort to push the settlers to the sea. Then there came legislative machines in England
where Sandys found himself with James I on subjects not even connected to Virginia for
cross purposes (Hagedorn 595)
(I
’
m afraid to mention, I believe the assignment asks of us to
only use 3 of the sources we were required to read
- Horn, Taylor, Bailyn)
. Embattled and
discredited, the Commonwealth of the colony gave way to a government of grandees which
twisted the very institutions Sandys transformed into instruments of personal enrichment
for the fearful citizens. Worst of all, slavery came when the "20th and strange Negroes,"
who appeared in 1619, followed thousands of other kidnapping women and men as the
labor replacement of the colonies (Horn 92).
While 1619 does not measure up to its subtitle theoretically – unlike "American
independence," what was forged in Jamestown didn't matter
either
democratically or
separately (Horn 100). The lessons for an era when everyone is gaining and the "common
good" is nothing shows that most Africans
suffered or didn’t reek the benefit of their work
. are
sufficiently plain
(give a reason as to why they are “plain”. Leaves the reader missing
information)
. Horn tells modern readers that the long journey to independence for their
forebears was split up by roads not pursued, even paths which did not treat wealth and
mutuality as mutually exclusive (Bailyn 175). He invokes a moment, albeit brief, in which
the "general good" does not contain miracles for nebulous memories but a means to a
better existence.
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7
Feisty and ambitious, he scorned his social inferiors almost as much as his political
superiors were scornful. In spite of the present reputation as an early American populist,
Baily
n
’s rejected the popular colonists as "all the trash they could get in London" and as
"slightly better than the savages, if not worse (Bailyn 44)
."
(Not a complete sentence-look
back for gammar edits- the commas provide assumption o
f future explanation
)
They wanted
government by his iron hand because Bailyn could not bear power from the top or
opposition from the bottom. Leaving behind his political rivals, he led expeditions through
the local waterways and to extortion in Indian villages at
the gunpoint. Instead of
permanent escape into the wilderness, he hoped to return a conquering hero to
Jamestown's command. Bailyn’s tried to make his leadership indispensable to his fellow
colonists by acquiring food and unique expertise in the landscape and in the indigenous
relations (Bailyn 112).
In conclusion, this entertaining study of Virginia in the 17th century does not
provide a more complete examination of slavery and the position it played in British North
America's growth. There
is many contradictions between the texts showing the abuse and that
the Africans were forced to travel or do labor. Before 1619, the great people of Virginia
harbored prejudiced attitudes toward everyone they perceived to be "
different
other.
"
(maybe “different” might be better than “other”)
Before rationalizing the genocide of the
people of Powhatan, they knew nothing of weak
the
,
landless whites before they defined
Africans as black. Over the period of the seventeenth century, for example, they accepted
proposals to 'transport hundreds of poor children' to Chesapeake forcefully 'as
fieldworkers and housekeepers'.
8
References
Bailyn, Bernard.
Atlantic History
. Harvard University Press, 2005.
Bly, Antonio T. "1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy by James
Horn."
Journal of Southern History
86.2 (2020): 441-442.
Hagedorn, Nancy L. "The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The
Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675 by Bernard Bailyn."
Register of the Kentucky
Historical Society
111.4 (2014): 594-596.
Horn, James.
1619: Jamestown and the forging of American democracy
. Hachette UK, 2018.
Taylor, Alan.
American colonies
. Vol. 1. Penguin, 2002.
9
PLEASE FIX THE WORKS CITED… see below (not sure if it’s completely right but
towards the right direction)
Horn, James 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy.
New York: Basic Books, 2018. Print
Taylor, Alan American Colonies: The Settling of North America. Penguin Books, 2002.
Bailyn, Bernard (2012) The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675. New York: Vintage Books.
Hagedorn, Nancy L. "The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The
Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675 by Bernard Bailyn."
Register of the Kentucky
Historical Society
111.4 (2014): 594-596.
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