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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Rutgers University Yusuf Sarii U.S. Labor & work 2/20/2021 James Horn: Jamestown and the Forging of American democracy An exceptional year in which American independence and American slavery come together in a hot spell in was in the middle of summer 1619 along the shores of the River James, Virginia . , What truly happened in the span a few weeks from each other that would deeply shape the trajectory of history. The first meeting of a representative governing body in America came together in the newly built church of Jamestown. A few weeks later, the first African slaves landed in the mainland of English America, entering Chesapeake Bay. In 1619 , historian James Horn , historian, brought to light the year which gave rise to our nation's great paradox: slavery in the midst of freedom. This portentous year marked both the origins of American history's greatest political development, democracy, as well as that of what would eventually become one of the greatest challenges of the nation: the corrosive legacies of racial inequality that have afflicted America since its inception. This paper discusses how slavery and racial prejudice gradually evolved in Virginia during the half century following the arrival of the Angolans. (DELETE “This paper discusses how…”. It’s important to use the thesis as the main points and transition in the paper. Something more like… The evolution of slavery and racial prejudice in early 17 th century Virginia (then introduce how it evolved and its significance) Horn refers to two events that took place simultaneously and which shaped the whole of the American history: a general assembly meeting and the arrival of a buttered privateer. A

2 couple weeks back, it carted the first shipment of African slaves (Horn 17) (How does quote have relevance to main point of argument ) . According to this well-narrated account of events in history, Virginia is where slavery and liberty were born in history at the same time (Bly 36). He has is also proof proven that Africans were already slaves in the middle of the sixteenth century and mentions some British and American people who took advantage of this business. Horn relates a tale about the emergence of the settlement of Jamestown along the shores of the James River in Virginia with a vision of peace and liberty (Horn 53). He also tells the origins of the first slaves to the Congo. (I would include a transition into the next paragraph. Along the lines of… While Horn and Bailyn highlight the tradition of exploiting African slaves beginning earlier than colonization, there are some reasons why others believe it’s a product of American colonization. However according to Allan Taylor, he argues that, Early early Jamestown truly resembles a vision of insanity, starvation, sickness and abuse (Taylor 87) ( I ’d recommend using actual quotes and integrating them into your own sentences. Adds strength and support to argument) . The London colonist company, The Virginia Corporation, naively told the colonial representatives not to encourage the Indians to see English people killed , because since the indigenous people could realize that the colonists were mere mortals. This lesson was easily unlikely, as the colonists perished in vast numbers from sickness and malnutrition. Just thirty- eight of the original 104 settlers who had landed in April 1607 lasted nine months longer. The ongoing transportation of newcomers scarcely kept the colony going (Taylor 129). 220 colonists were present in the spring of 1609, but just sixty of them lasted the winter. There was even one instance in which o O ne hungry colonist assassinated his wife and consumed her, for which he was burnt.

3 Another thing to remember regarding 1619 was that Tsenacommacah's English settlement and occupation were by no way certain. Bailyn’s has written against the establishment of democracy in 1619 as a required phase in the unnecessary: "If we make the error of fixing that position in time as intrinsically or predictably as English (Bly 441), we pave the way for the assumption that the United States still existed in embryonic form." (The quote does not give much insight as to what the author or you are trying to prove. I would suggest using a quote from Bailyn that has more substance) In the half a century after the advent of the Angolan population, slavery and ethnic discrimination eventually developed in Virginia when the Portuguese captured them and they became "20 and strange" on August 20, 1619, and bought by the English colonists (Hagedorn 594). The first Africans enslaved, who arrived at Point Ease, today called Hampton Roads (so what?) . Many of their names and the exact sum that remained at Point Comfort was lost in history, however most of their voyage is documented. Allan Taylor also argues that, In America, nothing succeeds, particularly when writing common history (Taylor 151). Originally, the Portuguese imperial powers were captured and sent to Luanda port, the capital of modern Angola, in prison rulers of the Kongo and Ndongo Tribal Kingdoms (Horn 28). The San Juan Bautista ship was ordered from there to sail to Veracruz, in the colony of New Spain. Typically, approximately 150 of the 350 prisoners on board the boat died at the cruise. Two privateers, the White Lion and the Treasurer, hit the boats when it reached its goal (Bailyn 64). It was the White Lion that at the Punta Comfort at Virginia Colony, and on August 20, 1619 exchanged a number of prisoners for food. ( While an important aspect to history, I would fix the gr ammar and context in which you express it. For instance, highlight more of the “so what” as a result of these pi eces of history )

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4 Bailyn's part is to blame Jamestown for his bad credibility for the famous historical memory of the succeeding New England Pilgrim colonists of 1620 (Bailyn 91). This First Thanksgiving is, of course, a highly selective image. The pilgrims fingered friendship two years later in order to trick seven Indians into a deadly trap. The victors raised a head to the fort to scare the surviving indigenous populations (Horn 15). But American schoolchildren respond to the first thanksgiving every year instead of the following head to the pole (How do pilgrims come into fruition in the paper. What is the significance an d how does it have to do with the evolution of slavery?) His narrative started in the middle of 1619, when two occurrences were strikingly juxtaposed – the first general assembly of Virginia and the introduction of the first African slaves. By 1619, the elite of the settlement had cause to believe that it was behind the darkest days. Links with indigenous neighbors were friendly or, at least, secure, and the new colonial charter encouraged the acquisition by colonists of private farms and public affairs (Horn 11). (I like where this sentence brings your argument. Adds more strength and creditability. Very well done-examples are key!) The most influential reformer of the Virginia Company, Edward Sandys, saw in America not only the potential for benefit but most particularly, the hard cut stuff that is a safer way of life for citizens (Bly 442). Sandys, while not a Puritan, has his own view of a city on a mountain: the land of mutuality between kings and leaders, the religious correctness of the Church of England and the abundance of a number of crops, not only tobacco. Virginia may not have been utopia in Sandys' aspiration, but it might have been a commonwealth in which citizens might be wealthy not instead, but because of the way they cared after each other. But James Horn explores a far greater catastrophic occurrence in a recent reflection on this seminal coulter, 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy (Horn 3). A

5 promise of the collective good, which evolved from the horrors of the first years and may have influenced the eventual United States, has been overshadowed in Jamestown—not in 1607 but around a decade and a half later (Bly 442). Horn's is a story about what should have been accomplished and is ideally placed to inform him, as President of the Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation, which encourages on-site testing and training. This hope was destroyed by disaster. The poisonous brawl of war and intrigue that after 1622 has shattered the trust in "Democratically" and created the mirror of Sandys's vision in several respects. Second, Opechancanough and other natives organized their effort to push the settlers to the sea. Then there came legislative machines in England where Sandys found himself with James I on subjects not even connected to Virginia for cross purposes (Hagedorn 595) (I ’ m afraid to mention, I believe the assignment asks of us to only use 3 of the sources we were required to read - Horn, Taylor, Bailyn) . Embattled and discredited, the Commonwealth of the colony gave way to a government of grandees which twisted the very institutions Sandys transformed into instruments of personal enrichment for the fearful citizens. Worst of all, slavery came when the "20th and strange Negroes," who appeared in 1619, followed thousands of other kidnapping women and men as the labor replacement of the colonies (Horn 92). While 1619 does not measure up to its subtitle theoretically – unlike "American independence," what was forged in Jamestown didn't matter either democratically or separately (Horn 100). The lessons for an era when everyone is gaining and the "common good" is nothing are sufficiently plain (give a reason as to why they are “plain”. Leaves the reader missing information) . Horn tells modern readers that the long journey to independence for their forebears was split up by roads not pursued, even paths which did not treat wealth and mutuality as

6 mutually exclusive (Bailyn 175). He invokes a moment, albeit brief, in which the "general good" does not contain miracles for nebulous memories but a means to a better existence. Feisty and ambitious, he scorned his social inferiors almost as much as his political superiors were scornful. In spite of the present reputation as an early American populist, Baily n ’s rejected the popular colonists as "all the trash they could get in London" and as "slightly better than the savages, if not worse (Bailyn 44)." (Not a complete sentence-look back for gammar edits- the commas provide assumption o f future explanation ) They wanted government by his iron hand because Bailyn could not bear power from the top or opposition from the bottom. Leaving behind his political rivals, he led expeditions through the local waterways and to extortion in Indian villages at the gunpoint. Instead of permanent escape into the wilderness, he hoped to return a conquering hero to Jamestown's command. Bailyn’s tried to make his leadership indispensable to his fellow colonists by acquiring food and unique expertise in the landscape and in the indigenous relations (Bailyn 112). In conclusion, this entertaining study of Virginia in the 17th century does not provide a more complete examination of slavery and the position it played in British North America's growth. Before 1619, the great people of Virginia harbored prejudiced attitudes toward everyone they perceived to be "other." (maybe “different” might be better than “other”) Before rationalizing the genocide of the people of Powhatan, they knew nothing of weak, landless whites before they defined Africans as black. Over the period of the seventeenth century, for example, they accepted proposals to 'transport hundreds of poor children' to Chesapeake forcefully 'as fieldworkers and housekeepers'.

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7 References Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History . Harvard University Press, 2005. Bly, Antonio T. "1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy by James Horn." Journal of Southern History 86.2 (2020): 441-442. Hagedorn, Nancy L. "The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675 by Bernard Bailyn." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 111.4 (2014): 594-596. Horn, James. 1619: Jamestown and the forging of American democracy . Hachette UK, 2018. Taylor, Alan. American colonies . Vol. 1. Penguin, 2002. PLEASE FIX THE WORKS CITED… see below (not sure if it’s completely right but towards the right direction) Horn, James 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy. New York: Basic Books, 2018. Print Taylor, Alan American Colonies: The Settling of North America. Penguin Books, 2002. Bailyn, Bernard (2012) The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675. New York: Vintage Books.

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