Midterm preparation
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School
George Washington University *
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Course
6011
Subject
Health Science
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
6
Uploaded by ConstableSteel12915
Outline from Week 1 to Week 5
1.
Explain how energy influences human health
-
Energy influences human health because it is used to prepare food, warm our
homes, produce our goods, power our travel and many more things
2.
Define ethical considerations on what is meant by sustainable
development
-
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the
current generation without compromising or changing the developments of the
future generation. Ethical consideration to what sustainable development is can be
defined as using but not using up
3.
Explain how each major energy source is used and their percent
contribution in the US energy mix
-
Fossil fuel works when chemical bonds are created during photosynthesis. It is
comprised of over 80% of the world’s energy supply.
-
Coal is a major energy source that is broken into 25% energy consumption and 40%
electricity generation worldwide.
-
Petroleum accounts for ⅓ of primary energy consumption and more than 90% of
transportation fuel.
4.
Using systems thinking to evaluate the health impacts of fossil fuel use at
the local and global level
5.
Explain health impacts of unconventional extraction (e.g., Tar Sands,
Mountaintop Removal, Hydro Fracturing) as well as changes to infrastructure
(e.g., pipelines, rail)
6.
Explain how water is used in electricity production
7.
Use ethics and evidence to discuss limitations and benefits of renewable
energy in developed and developing nations
8.
Explain global weather patterns and why most all the earth’s rainforests
are at the equator.
9.
Describe lung physiology and particle clearance with macrophage and the
mucociliary escalator.
Upper bronchial tree - lots of larger pathways to the alveoli (much tinier pathways) small sacs
that have the surface area of a tennis court and where blood is able to be oxidized and carried
to other areas of the body. The alveolar macrophage sits inside the alveoli and consume
particles that shouldn’t be there. The mucociliary is a then layer of sticky mucus that covers
the inside of the bronchial pathways with tiny cilia (hairs) that grab particulate matter and push
it up outside of you body.
10. Describe each of the 6 criteria air pollutants to include how they are emitted,
their human health effects and general corrective actions taken to mitigate each
air pollutant.
Carbon Monoxide
cars
dizziness, confusion,
unconsciousness,
and death
Electric cars,
walking, biking
Lead
industry/cars/waste
High blood press,
brain, kidney, and
reproductive health
issues
removed from
petroleum, removed
from paint, removed
from pipes in the
homes
Nitrogen Dioxide
Industry/Cars
Headache, fatigue,
dizziness, lack of
oxygen in the
bloodstream (blue
color to skin)
Electric cars,
Ozone
Industry/Cars
PM<10um
Natural>Industrial
PM<2.5um
Industrial<Natural
Sulfur Dioxide
Coal Burning
11. Understand the cause, controls and health implications of a thinning
Stratospheric Ozone
Freon (Chlorofluorocarbons - CFCs) - when warmed by the sun the chlorine will break off and
destroy the ozone layer of the stratosphere, 1987 the world band the use of CFCs and
improved the “hole” in the stratosphere layer over Antarctica and Australia. While the hole
existed UV-B and UV-C rays were able to get through and increase cancer rates in the
country.
12. Explain the mortality impacts of global indoor and outdoor air pollution.
7 million deaths worldwide INDOOR - 3.4M deaths, 3.7M OUTDOOR (some overlapped)
13. What percentage of the global population exceeded the WHO Guideline for
PM 2.5 (in 2016) -
95%
14. Identify where household air pollution is a major issue globally and its link to
economic development
South Asia and East asia - residential usage, lower income
Cooking - burn wood, coal, and poo,
Lighting - kerosene, open fires, and candles
Heating - Wood, agricultural resources, poop. Coal, and kerosene
Polluting fuels - africa and asia
Kills 8 million people before their 60 birthday (Cardio disease) - creates a barrier for economic
development - healthcare costs and lost productivity
15. Describe trends in wildfires, smoke inhalation health impacts and the air
pollutant of highest concern in wildfire smoke.
you can see active fires in the world growing since 1960s, larger and hotter burning fires -
climate change is also adding to this
asthma, COPD exacerbation, respiratory infections, mortality, birth outcomes,
PM2.5?
16. Explain the greenhouse effect and the influence of short-wave and long-wave
radiation
Sun sends radiation through the atmosphere which allows 70-75% to come
through (Short Wave radiation)
The earth's troposphere sends out Thermal radiation but only 15-30% escapes
as the rest are absorbed into the atmosphere.
More stays in than is allowed to escape = Greenhouse effect
17. Characterize the warming influence of CO2 and methane on the planet
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18. Explain the global direct and indirect health ramifications of climate change
such as poleward migration of diseases, wildfire/smoke inhalation, extreme
flooding and droughts, heat related deaths, harmful algal blooms, human
migration, mental health distress and human conflict.
19. Identify the current CO2 concentration and the pre-industrial CO2
concentration
20. Identify the temperature and CO2 concentration cap agreed to in the 2015
Paris Agreement and the structure of the Paris Agreement
21. Explain the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke and how to
treat each
22. Explain the ethical considerations regarding climate change why poorer
people / countries are more vulnerable than richer people / countries
23. Using the One Health framework, discuss climate policy interventions that
would help with mitigation or adaptation for developed and developing countries.
24. Categorize various food substances between macronutrients and
micronutrients
Macronutrients consist of 4 food groups: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and
25. Describe a healthy diet and explain hunger, malnutrition, food security
26. Explain how the food environment and disparities can influence our food
choices
People chose what to eat based on availability. They
27. Explain the changes in occupational energy expenditure in the US over time
28. Explain how physical activity influences chronic disease and mortality
29. Describe how income has generally influenced greenhouse gas emissions
30. Explain the LEED certification levels and various building efficiency
technologies
31. Explain how life cycle assessment (LCA) infuses systems thinking into
sustainable decision making
32. Match a process description to one of the five phases of the life cycle
assessment framework
33. Discuss the influence of human behaviors (e.g., take-back effect) in making
sustainable choices
34. Discuss how sustainable practices at the personal, household and
community levels improves health
35. Explain strategies in how public health professionals can play a major role in
shifting behavior to abate climate change, reduce energy consumption and live a
healthier lifestyle
36. Explain the difference between an emergency and a disaster
37. Explain which stage of a natural disaster a given a situation represents and
the public health needs
38. Explain the principles of defensible space in fire prone areas
39. Explain solar disinfection (SODIS) to treat drinking water
40. Explain the issues regarding the US National Flood Insurance Program
41. Know the insect vectors for Malaria, Yellow Fever, Zika, Dengue and West
Nile.
42. According to the Frumkin book (from 1964 to 2013), globally, which type of
natural disaster has the highest mortality rate (kills the most people per 100,000
people affected).
43. Describe ways to prepare for natural disasters at the household, local,
national and global levels
44. Describe the basic needs after a natural disaster to include ethical
considerations of human displacement and mental health of victims
45. Describe the top 5 causes of mortality globally in the aftermath of a disaster.
46. Explain how to prevent the spread of various types of infectious diseases
after a disaster
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