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Week 12 Questions FCST 356 Chapter 10 1. Discuss the symptoms of colic in infants. What causes this? The onset of colic is typically abrupt, accompanied by prolonged, loud weeping. Colitis frequently causes fussiness, flatulence, and poor sleep for babies. However, they often grow and regularly put on weight. The causes of colic are unknown and can be upsetting to parents. 2. What is the difference between spitting up (posseting) and gastro- esophageal reflux? Most reflux is regurgitated back into the stomach by the infant, but on rare occasions, it comes out of their mouth as posseting. Reflux is typical in newborns, but it may concern parents. When the child is a year old, it will likely clear up independently. Reflux can occasionally result in difficulties. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the term for this. The infant may start vomiting milk if they have reflux, particularly after feeding. The infant may have pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen or chest if they have gastroesophageal reflux disease. They will get agitated, cry a lot, arch their back, have trouble falling asleep, or have difficulty calming down. In addition, they will have difficulty breathing and eating, as well as inadequate weight gain. 3. Discuss the causes and treatments of constipation in infants. Most of the constipation in newborns and early children has an idiopathic cause. However, constipation in babies older than six months is most frequently caused by low-fiber diets or recent dietary changes. When a parent Introduces solid or new meals, consuming excessive amounts of yogurt, cheese, milk, and certain foods. Foods like bananas, applesauce, cereals, bread, pasta, and white potatoes can all contribute to or exacerbate constipation. Constipation is uncommon in exclusively breastfed infants and may start when baby formula is introduced, or supplemental feeding is initiated. If constipation is well-managed, and the development of behavioral issues is prevented by reducing discomfort with laxatives. In that case, most infants will outgrow it when they are four or five. Constipation can be treated with osmotic laxatives, dietary component assessments, and laxative usage monitoring.

4. How is faltering growth managed in breast-fed and formula-fed infants? Someone trained to assess the mother and newborn feeding is the first step in managing the growth of a breastfed baby. The infant needs to feed eight times or more in 24 hours. The infant should be fed until they stop on their own. After the baby has eaten, the mother should be urged to express milk to empty the breasts in preparation for the next meal. The mother and child should be cuddling one another. In addition to experimenting with different feeding positions, the mother might benefit from taking medication and seeing a lactation consultant if her milk supply has decreased. The mother may need to express her milk if the baby refuses to eat, and she can then feed the child via a syringe, cup, or bottle. Reintroducing the baby to the breast is possible once they have experienced many episodes of yellow stool. Finally, the mother's mental health should be questioned, and the family's socioeconomic conditions should be evaluated. In a bottle-fed baby, a medical practitioner ought to obtain a history of the patient's diet and ask the parents to maintain a food diary. The frequency and amount of feeds, the amount of formula used, the cleanliness of the bottle-making process, the teat size, if the baby is confined, and the provision of appropriate complementary meals must be monitored. Chapter 11 5. Why do preterm infants have higher nutrient needs per kg of body weight than term infants? Preterm newborns have higher food demands per kilogram of body weight than term infants because they have not yet built up the body reserves of nutrients that term infants do throughout the third trimester of pregnancy. 6. Explain the differences between parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition. When is each one used? Parenteral nutrition is administered to newborns with critical illnesses or congenital gut disorders, as well as children born before 31 weeks gestation and after 31 weeks gestation who do not make adequate progress with enteral nourishment in the first 72 hours after delivery. Because there is incomplete nutrient absorption across the gut wall, parenteral nutritional needs may be lower than those for enteral and oral feeding. As enteral feeding is tolerated, this

process decreases. Infants with immature sucking or swallowing, mechanical ventilation with an endotracheal tube in place to restrict oral feeding, and limited oral intake that is insufficient and necessitates nasogastric tube top-up feedings are all candidates for enteral nutrition. 7. Describe how to safely bottle feed a preterm infant, including which type of formula they require. When a preterm baby is mature enough and healthy enough to synchronize breathing, swallowing, and sucking, which is often about 34 weeks, the baby can try bottle feeding. For safe and effective feedings, preterm babies require a slow milk flow teat, supportive placement, and close supervision. Preterm formulae are only supplied in a sterile, ready-to-feed condition and should only be used in supervised hospitals. They are made to satisfy the dietary needs of premature babies. They supply the necessary amounts of protein, energy, and minerals to support optimal growth and the ideal ratios of phosphate and calcium for forming bone and iron, vitamin, and mineral content. Preterm, hydrolyzed preterm, and nutrient-enriched post-discharge formulas are the three types of formulas. In hospitals, preterm or low-birthweight babies are fed this initial type of formula. The hydrolyzed protein formula is utilized for premature or low birth weight babies in hospitals who cannot tolerate standard formula. The final formula is for low-birthweight and prematurely discharged babies. 8. What advice for complimentary feeding would you give the mother of a fully breastfed preterm infant born at 30 weeks gestation? Children may benefit from rich iron diets before they reach six months post-term age, as preterm infants are more likely to experience iron deficiency. Three to four months after term, the caretakers can start supplemental feeding. Preterm babies may require extra assistance to sit up straight and maintain head control since some have developmental delays. Parents should be instructed to maintain a wrapped towel behind and around the neck to keep the head steady. Unfortunately, compared to term newborns, preterm babies are more likely to experience feeding issues. From Dietary Guidelines for Americans Chapter 2:

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9. What are some concerns for young children (12-23 months) who eat a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet? What kinds of foods should they be consuming? The lacto-ovo vegetarian diet consists of vegetables such as beans, peas, lentils, fruits, grains, and oils, along with regular ingestion of eggs, dairy products, soy products, nuts, and seeds. Because plant-based diets only include non-heme iron, which is less accessible than heme iron, iron may be especially concerning. Vitamin B12 can only be found in animal foods, which may cause concern. Parents, caregivers, and guardians should speak with a healthcare professional before introducing a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet to infants and toddlers to ascertain whether iron, vitamin B12, and other nutritional supplements are required and, if so, at what dosages to suit their requirements. While it is good to include plants in one's diet, one needs iron, b12, and other minerals easily accessible from meat. 10. Describe the idea and practice of “responsive feeding” for young children. What are the benefits of this style? It is best to form good rather than harmful habits since the habits we form early might last a lifetime. This is particularly valid for eating patterns. An increasing amount of evidence indicates that overweight infants become overweight kids, who become overweight adults. Starting before age two, ideally from infancy, is one of the greatest approaches to avoiding obesity. It is well acknowledged that attending to a baby's needs promptly and suitably plays a critical protective role in promoting their growth, health, and well-being. Babies who feel safe and comfortable under the attention of a primary caregiver grow up to experience superior social, academic, and emotional results. From Dietary Guidelines for Americans Chapter 3: 11. What is a nutrient-dense food or beverage, according to the Dietary Guidelines? Nutrient-dense foods have little to no added sugar, saturated fat, or salt and are rich in vitamins, minerals, and other health-promoting ingredients. All food categories' nutrient-dense varieties, in the suggested dosages and within calorie constraints, comprise a healthy dietary pattern. Nutrient-dense foods are high in nutrients, low in salt, added sugars, saturated fat, and other unhealthy

ingredients, and high in vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients. These include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, skinless chicken, and nonfat and low-fat dairy products. 12. For a child with a 1,000-calorie level pattern (typically a child, aged 2- 4), how much of each food group do they need each day? Which subgroup of vegetables has the largest requirement? For a child aged 2-4, they need different amounts of each. Food groups depend on their sex. Boys need one to two cups of vegetables daily, while girls need one and 1/2 cups. Boys and girls need one 1/2 cups of fruit daily, three to five cups of grain, and two 1/2 cups of dairy. Boys need two to five cups of protein, while girls need two to four cups of protein per day. The two with the most significant requirement for vegetable intake were orange or red and starchy vegetables. 13. According to figure 3-1, which age group has the highest healthy eating index score? Which has the worst? Why do you think that is the case? The best eaters were from the two to four age group. This could be because parents monitor their food intake and give them more nutritious options. Children do not have as much control over their eating as the worst group. This group was the 14 to 18-year-olds. Compared to younger children, teens have more control over their diets. They do not consider how bad junk food is and tend to crave it compared to children. 14. According to figure 3-2, in which two food groups are the average daily intakes lower than recommended for children ages 2-4? The two food groups, vegetables, and dairy had the lowest daily intake. 15. Why is it particularly important for young children to consume beverages without added sugars? Some of the sugars in sweet drinks may be difficult for young children to digest, which can cause loose stools or diarrhea. The body consistently losing nutrients and energy might result in sluggish growth. Reducing intake of sugar-sweetened drinks can help young people develop a healthy eating habits. Drinks that do not include added sugars consist of water and 100% juice and fat-free or low-fat milk, lactose-free or low-lactose choices, and fortified soy beverages.

16. What is “food neophobia”? What are some strategies to help young children get over this? The widespread consensus is that food neophobia is the avoidance or unwillingness to accept novel foods. Conversely, "picky" eaters are typically characterized as kids who reject a significant number of meals that they are both acquainted with and unfamiliar with, resulting in them consuming an inadequate range of foods. Research indicates that a youngster has to be exposed to a food item eight times before they will eat it. Positively introducing new foods, for example, by cooking it creatively or plating it in an eye-catching way. This might lessen the anxiety they arouse. However, making young people eat something they are afraid of might worsen their fear. Additionally, limiting a child's access to particular food kinds or the periods at which they may be consumed due to parental restrictions has been linked to a rise in food phobia in children. Chapter 12 17. Describe an optimal daily meal and snack routine for children under five. Five to six times a day, a caregiver should provide the youngster with wholesome nutrition. To meet this demand, schedule three meals and two or three snacks. A daily routine should ideally be designed at equal intervals throughout the day. A meal pattern keeps caregivers from giving in to their children's hunger or thirst, keeps them from trying to feed themselves when they are exhausted or ready to go to sleep, keeps them from grazing on less nutritious foods, and keeps them from going without food when it is mealtime. 18. Describe some ways to reduce the risk of choking when feeding children under 3 years old. What foods are the most common choking hazards? Caregivers may help lower the chance that kids will choke while eating by following particular food preparation techniques, such as chopping food into small pieces and cooking tough foods, like carrots until they are soft enough to pierce with a fork. Small and spherical foods, including melon balls, cherries, grapes, and cherry tomatoes, can quickly induce choking incidents. Cut these

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things in half along their lengths. Serve no tiny, marble-sized, sticky, or hard foods that are easy to swallow whole and challenging to chew, such as cheese blocks or cubes, to help prevent choking. Works Cited Baby and constipation: What you need to know | Mercy . (2022, April 12). Mercy. https://www.mercy.net/service/newborn-baby-care/constipation/#:~:text=Low%20fiber %20diet%20or%20a,cause%20constipation%20or%20worsen%20it Colic . (2019, November 19). Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/colic#:~:text=Colic %20often%20begins%20suddenly%2C%20with,grow%20and%20gain%20weight %20normally. Food neophobia | alimentarium . (n.d.). https://www.alimentarium.org/en/fact-sheet/food- neophobia#:~:text=Studies%20have%20shown%20that%20a,reduce%20the%20phobia %20it%20inspires. KellyMom, & KellyMom. (2023, October 31). Importance of responsive feeding - KellyMom.com. KellyMom.com - Breastfeeding and Parenting . https://kellymom.com/ages/newborn/bf-basics/importance-responsive-feeding/ Kids health information : Reflux (GOR) and GORD . (n.d.). https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Reflux_GOR_and_GORD/#:~:text=Most %20reflux%20is%20swallowed%20back,child%20is%20one%20year%20old. McCarthy, C., MD. (2017, October 3). Why parents should use responsive feeding with their babies . Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-parents-should-use- responsive-feeding-with-their-babies-2017100312524

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