Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - Critical test review and ethical use (1)
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - Critical test review and ethical use
Michelle Wyatt
Capella University
COUNS 5106
Stephanie L. Brooke-Werley, PhD, NCC
11/05/2023
Introduction
The use of assessments help to identify problems, plan interventions, and evaluate clients
in order to inform the client and other stakeholders (Tang, 2018). Assessments can be used to provide treatment quickly and effectively. It is emphasized in the ACA and used widely by school counselors. In school counseling, assessments can be used to increase data and advocacy efforts. Needs assessments can help school counselors demonstrate need for essential support and services. The Myer-Briggs Indicator is one personality assessment that made its introduction,
using Jung’s theory, and is widely used across many settings. This assessment will be further discussed in the following paper with a historical summary, role and review of the assessment, and ethical considerations.
Role and Purpose of Assessment in Counseling
Assessment is the collection of client information that is used to facilitate decisions and provide clients with information for evaluation, and is said to be integral to counseling (Whiston,
2020). They have been involved in the counseling field for many years with countless contributions over centuries with acknowledgement given to Francis Galton, whose work focused on heredity, for the testing movement (Whiston, 2017). The history of career assessments goes back to the early 1900s and provided perspective to serve the needs of individuals of diverse populations (Harrington & Long, 2013). Much credit is given to the early works of Wundt, Cattell, and Parsons, with focus on intelligence and the mental processes (Whiston, 2017). Parsons has been coined the “father of guidance”, who developed a three-step career modeling approach to career counseling, and helped connect people with the appropriate occupation.
Improvements have been made to those assessments in order to increase validity and reliability. The use of assessments have helped school counselors facilitate self awareness and self exploration, which is critical for career development and intervention (Tang, 2018). School counselors benefit from an assessment, like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, in order to help students with career decision making and developing self-efficacy. School counselor roles for assessment require skill organized into three different areas: pupil assessment, program evaluation, and research (American Counseling Association, 2023). These include types of assessment being administered, evaluations, design, analysis, and methods of use. Research reliability and validity are important for needs assessment in which research is essential for reports on the assessments. Outcome assessments in counseling are used to determine effectiveness of interventions and programs (Whiston, 2020). This can be done by measuring academic achievement, discipline
rates, and problem-solving ability. Outcome assessments, like career counseling assessment, use personal questionnaires as an individual career measure. This helps a counselor to retrieve information, guide interventions, and facilitate meaning making (Cardoso & Sales, 2019). PQs are individualized outcome measures used to complement standard measures. A study exploring the use of these measures was used to understand the advantages of outcome assessments using career construction counseling. Measures included vocational certainty and identity, career adaptability, and post counseling (Cardoso & Sales, 2019). Results from the study looked at perception from the start of intervention to post intervention. In New Jersey, a level B qualification, which requires a master’s degree in psychology or education, training in assessment, or a professional membership that requires assessment training
(Casetext, Inc., 2023). There is a minimum of 48 semester hours required in areas related to testing and evaluation, courses related to child and adolescent psychology, practicum, and additional education credits (Casetext, Inc., 2023).
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Theoretical basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The Jungian theory, which derived from Carl Jung, focused on the unconscious mind. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality assessment based on the Jungian theory of psychological types. His theory stated that differences in personality are expressed by extra- and introversion, as well as through four functions; thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting (Whiston, 2017). Mother-daughter duo Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myer, studied Jung’s theory for decades, finally developing the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator. The first published work of the MBTI made its introduction in 1962 and continued to be a widely used research instrument. They observed individual behavior and concluded that typology provides ways of describing healthy personality differences (Quenk, 2009). This model was based on four different personality pairings of opposing preferences. Those pairings are extraversion/ introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judgment/perception (Randelovic & Pavicevic, 2020). Ethical Considerations in Administration
Some ethical considerations when using this assessment are that it is a personality test and is completely voluntary. The assessment must be administered without bias or stereotyping (The Myers-Briggs Company, 2023). Due to it being self administered, an individual could answer the questions based on how they would like to be perceived (Quenk, 2009). Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent this from happening. Required competencies for school
counselors as stated by Naugle (2009), they have six areas for assessment and evaluation. Those include being skilled in their strategies, identify, access, and evaluate most used instruments for assessment. They are skilled in methods of administration and scoring, as well as, interpreting
and scoring (Naugle, 2009). School counselors are able to apply the results in decision making processes and present statistical information about the results of assessments (Naugle, 2009). The
American School Counselor Association (2023) provides standards and guidelines for administration of assessments in order to serve diverse populations. Under A.14 Assessment, Evaluation, and Interpretation, considerations are outlined for different individual needs.Tests are to be research based and must be reliable, which emphasizes the importance of reliability and
validity. Any test or assessment administered must be culturally sensitive and bias free (American School Counselor Association, 2023). Confidentiality is crucial whether administered
on paper or online. B.1. Responsibilities to Parents/Guardians in the ASCA standards (2023) inform counselors to the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment. Parents/guardians must be informed before administering assessments to students. Review of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Ethical/Diversity Dilemmas
An evaluation done back in 1993, by Captain Charles D. Wurster examined ethical issues
of cross-cultural uses of “types”. His evaluation focused on type being universal and whether cultural biases were present. His main concern was that type casting would be used to stereotype.
Wurster (1993) emphasized that statistical validity is very important, in which the MBTI showed
test-retest reliability of 70%-90%. Randelovic and Pavicevic (2020), in a study of learning style inventories, used Cronbach's alpha to determine reliability and validity of the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator. This study focused on the correlation between types and student achievement. Validity
was measured in two ways: construct and external validity. Their study concluded that there was high reliability and validity in the use of the Myers-Briggs Type indicator. There was a correlation between introvert-intuitive types having higher academic achievement and cognitive abilities than other types. While the reliability and validity showed high results, this serves as a
limitation, and ethical concern because it could typecast and decrease the chance of developing self-efficacy. Conclusion
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a widely used instrument of assessment that can be used across many settings. Based on Jung’s theory of personality, the MBTI can be used to determine types of personality. Reliability and validity is important in test administration in order
to provide the appropriate needs for an individual. Assessments can help a counselor determine the right course of action for a client or student based on the results of their assessments. Ethical and diversity considerations are crucial and must remain bias free and be culturally appropriate.
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References
American Counseling Association. (2023). Assessment Skills for School Counselors
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American School Counselor Association. (2023). ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors
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Cardoso, P., & Sales, C. (2019). Individualized career counseling outcome assessment: A case study using the Personal Questionnaire. The Career Development Quarterly
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Casetext, Inc. (2023). Section 6A:9B-14.8 - School counselor, N.J. Admin. Code § 6A:9B-14.8
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Tang, M. (2018). Career Development and Counseling: Theory and Practice in a Multicultural World
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