Eko Hospital

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Research Proposal 1 Research Proposal on the Causes and Effects of Overweight and Obesity to Healthcare Workers in Eko Hospital

Research Proposal 2 Table of Contents Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 4 Poor eating habits and obesity among healthcare workers .......................................................... 4 Lack of adequate sleep .................................................................................................................... 5 Physical inactivity and obesity ........................................................................................................ 5 Research Questions .............................................................................................................................. 6 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 6 Aim ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Research Design and Setting ........................................................................................................... 7 Target Population, Sample Size Determination, and Sample Technique ..................................... 7 Instrument of Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 8 Validity of the Questionnaire .......................................................................................................... 8 Reliability of the Instrument ........................................................................................................... 8 Method of Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 8 Method of Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 8 Ethical Consideration ...................................................................................................................... 9 Research Outcomes ......................................................................................................................... 9 Costs ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Timeline .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Reference List .................................................................................................................................... 11

Research Proposal 3 Introduction Obesity and overweight have continued to be health issues globally, affecting millions of people in society. Over the last decade, the rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in most European and Asian countries. Most of the nations are recording an unprecedented increase in health issues, regardless of medical and treatment efforts among healthcare facilities (Boutari & Mantzoros, 2022). Obesity and overweight generally refer to an abdominal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that poses a risk to the health of an individual. Globally, the issue of obesity and overweight was highly related to nations with high income profiles (Endalifer & Diress, 2020). However, as the world continues to experience changes, the rate of low- and middle-income nations has increased with the epidemiology record of health issues. The rate of obesity has not only impacted high-profile people in society but also the poor. This has led to more scientific research being done to articulate the cause of this deadly disease. The percentage rate of deaths related to obesity is increasing, causing a low life span. Nations like the USA have continued to experience short life spans as they have the highest number of obese people (Medina et al., 2020). The critical issues with obesity and overweight are mainly based on the care professionals who help patients with the best techniques to control the health issue. Globally, healthcare workers continue to record a significant number of cases of obesity and being overweight, with an emphasis on their daily activities. WHO has mentioned some factors as the core causes of healthcare professionals being obese, like a lack of physical activity, a low intake of fruits and vegetables, and unhealthy sleep. Furthermore, many healthcare workers, mostly female care providers, have a tendency to be overweight or obese (Abu Saad et al., 2020). Therefore, it is important to investigate the prevalence and potential determinants of obesity and overweight among healthcare workers at Eko Hospital in Nigeria. The hospital has had significant reports of

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Research Proposal 4 overweight professionals, with obesity being common among them. As a result, in-depth research into the issue will provide adequate data that can be used to understand the causes and effects of obesity and overweight among healthcare workers in different health facilities. Eko Hospital is one of the largest healthcare facilities in Nigeria and will be a significant setting to enhance the study (Aruah et al., 2020). It serves as a national referral center for caring for Nigerians and is also the local hospital for its surrounding area. The hospital serves more than 700 people a day, with a large number being admitted, leading to a busy environment. The staff number ranges between 400 and 500, with a bed capacity of 130. This has made it one of the best private hospitals in Nigeria. Therefore, this research proposal will investigate the causes and effects of obesity among Eko Hospital workers within Nigeria and discuss the results and findings with a recommendation on how to control the health issue not only for Eko Hospital professionals but for other people who are likely to be obese in the world. Literature Review This part analyses the findings of other scholars who had significant influence to the topic. Scientific researchers are highly influential in understanding some health issues which are trending in the world. However, there findings sometimes have a gap which makes it easy for other scholars to continue their work and enhance knowledge in the same area. Therefore, this part will analyze articles of other scholars who have influenced the study of how factors like poor eating habits, physical inactivity, and inadequate sleep leads to obesity and overweight among care workers and its effects to their health. Poor eating habits and obesity among healthcare workers A human being needs energy to produce an innumerable number of biological and physical activities. As a result, the need for a balanced diet is paramount to their lives. The energy required is highly dependent on the reaction of cellular respiration, through which

Research Proposal 5 glucose is oxidized. If there is an inadequate balance that has taken place in the body, then there is a deficit of crucial energy elements from the foods that have been taken. Ross et al. (2019) argue that healthcare workers are likely to experience poor energy intake due to the nature of their work. The shift pattern of their work provides less time for a balanced intake of foods, leading to poor diets in the body (Ross et al., 2019). As a result, the chances of being obese gain momentum among care professionals, affecting their health and lives. Lack of adequate sleep Sleep deprivation is a common issue among healthcare workers. Ideally, professionals who are young and energetic end up working extra hours, leading to inadequate sleep. According to Hanson and Huecker (2019), a lack of 8 hours of sleep a day is a health issue that leads to critical health conditions. Physicians and lab technicians are more likely to experience this problem. Most physicians lack or miss sleep, which is common and leads to unhealthy behavior, which leads to mental health issues and obesity in general (Loef et al., 2019). Sleep loss occurs when the rate of work is higher than the staff number. For instance, in Eko Hospitality, most healthcare workers have a longer shift, mostly daytime, leading to inadequate time to relax. Besides, night shifts may occur four times a week, making it hard for them to have enough time to relax. As a result, the effects of this sleep deprivation are causing people to gain weight and become obese with time. Physical inactivity and obesity It is evidence that most healthcare workers lack time for physical exercise with the tight schedules in their profession. Most of them may be busy during the day and create time for the family, leaving zero time for physical exercises like gym work, running, or even cardio exercises. In most healthcare facilities across the globe, healthcare professionals have a high rate of low back pain (Alnaami et al., 2019). Lack of exercise causes this, which prevents them from taking physical practice at all. As a result, the intake of proteins and

Research Proposal 6 carbohydrates accumulates in the body, leading to more fat mass. This causes overweight with time, leading to obesity in later life. In the Eko Hospital, most healthcare professionals may have a scheduled time limit, causing them not to have time for physical exercise. They may concentrate on serving the high number of in-and-out patients, making them too exhausted to take part in physical activities. Research Questions • How does obesity occur within healthcare professionals? • Do overweight issues affect care providers mental health? • Why is musculoskeletal condition increasing within healthcare workers? • How does lack of sleep cause obesity to healthcare workers under tight supervision and schedules? • How does lack of adequate health physical exercise lead to obesity in healthcare professionals? • How are poor eating habits related to obesity within care professionals? Aims and Objectives Aim The main aim is to understand the causes and effects of obesity and overweight among healthcare workers in public health facilities within Nigerian EKO Hospital facility Objectives • To identify prevalence of overweight and obesity among healthcare workers • To identify physical activity levels of healthcare workers • To assess the nature of diet maintenance and observation among healthcare workers

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Research Proposal 7 • To identify the relationship between obesity and overweight with physical level of care professionals • To identify relationship between diet, take and obesity among healthcare professionals Methodology Research Design and Setting A cross-sectional study design will be used in this study. This design involves observation and requires the researcher to measure the outcomes and exposure of the study at the same time. The participants will be selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A cross-sectional design remains to be used to assess population-based surveys and clinical- based experiments (Xu et al., 2023). It remains faster and less expensive. Besides, the study will be done at Eko Hospital in Nigeria. The facility is located in Ikeja, with an annex in Ikoyi, central Lagos, at a latitude of 6.5878 degrees N and 3.3576 degrees E longitude. It is located at street number 31, Mobolaji Bank Antony Way, making it easily accessible. Target Population, Sample Size Determination, and Sample Technique There will be 120 healthcare workers and other Eko staff who will make up the study's target population. All participants will be within the Eko Hospital departments, which vary in functioning. However, much emphasis will be placed on healthcare professionals. A sample is a more condensed version of a larger whole, population, subject, or group of samples of a larger whole, population, or subject (Barzilay et al., 2020). The number of individuals or observations that are included in a study is referred to as the sample size. This study's sample size will be 120. For the persistence of this study, no sample technique will be used due to the small size of the target population of 120.

Research Proposal 8 Instrument of Data Collection The instrument to be used for data collection will be a questionnaire. It will have different parts—not more than five—to allow the participants to have multiple questions. Validity of the Questionnaire This will be reputed by the philanthropic questionnaire to the student's supervisor, who, subsequently going over it, will make rectifications and authenticate it grounded in its content and paradigm. It will then be permitted to be administered. Reliability of the Instrument This will be done through pilot testing with 50 healthcare workers within Eko Hospital facility in Nigeria. Method of Data Collection The researcher will approach the respondents in their natural surroundings, familiarize himself with them, hanker for their lenience, administer the questionnaire, and appeal that they fill it out aptly. The respondents will be asked to read the content as judiciously as possible and answer accordingly as it applies to them. The questionnaire will be administered in the morning and salvaged after some hours. Also, anthropometric measurements of body weight in Kg, waist, and hip circumference using an electronic weighing machine and other tools for measuring circumference should be used. Calculations will then be done to assess the ratio of height over weight to understand the level of obesity and overweight among the healthcare professional participants. Method of Data Analysis Data will be collected from the respondents, embodied, and examined using tables, sample percentages, frequency, and charts.

Research Proposal 9 Ethical Consideration The researcher will need an informed consent form and orientation from the hospital management before beginning the study. Before a researcher may gather data or information from a respondent, they must first obtain their permission or consent. Nobody will be made to take part in the study against their will. Participation will be at the participant's "free will." Before administering questionnaires to the healthcare workers, other Hospital staff, like chefs, will be well informed. It is expected that respondents will not reveal any personal information about themselves on the questionnaires in order to protect their privacy and confidentiality. Instead, it ought to be kept secret. Research Outcomes The research outcomes will be paramount in determining the prevalence of overweight and obesity among healthcare workers at Eko Hospital in Nigeria. Also, the outcomes will be disseminated to aid in the identification of sources of information as evidence-based determinants for health and nutrition policy formulation in the management of overweight and obesity among healthcare staff in public health facilities. Nurses will be more aware of the findings on how to manage their weight and control onshore evidence of being obese. This will certify empowerment and motivation to have a healthy body weight among care professionals. Costs The study will be less expensive due to the cross-sectional and convenience sampling methods used. This sampling method remains inexpensive, more accessible, and less time- consuming compared to other methods. The estimated cost will likely be around £2,000. This will be more convenient and pocket-friendly based on the interviews and travels from and to the hospital. Also, the cost will cover the data analysis process and printing of the final copy

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Research Proposal 10 that will be documented and published globally to help other healthcare workers and facilities. Timeline July 2023 August 2023 August 2023 September 2023 September 2023 October 2023 October 2023 Proposal writing Presentation and pretesting Data collection Data analysis Report writing Conclusion and recommendation Report submission and printing Reference List Abu Saad, H., Low, P.K., Jamaluddin, R. and Chee, H.P., 2020. Level of physical activity and its associated factors among primary healthcare workers in Perak,

Research Proposal 11 Malaysia. International journal of environmental research and public health , 17 (16), p.5947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165947 Alnaami, I., Awadalla, N.J., Alkhairy, M., Alburidy, S., Alqarni, A., Algarni, A., Alshehri, R., Amrah, B., Alasmari, M. and Mahfouz, A.A., 2019. Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain among health care workers in southwestern Saudi Arabia. BMC musculoskeletal disorders , 20 , pp.1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2431-5 Aruah, S.C., Asogwa, O.C., Ubah, F.I., Maurice, N.N., Oyesegun, R., Ige, T.A., Coleman, C.N., Dosanjh, M. and Pistenmaa, D., 2020. Overcoming challenges in providing radiation therapy to patients with cancer in Nigeria and experience in the National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria. JCO Global Oncology , 6 . https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJGO.19.00177 Barzilay, R., Moore, T.M., Greenberg, D.M., DiDomenico, G.E., Brown, L.A., White, L.K., Gur, R.C. and Gur, R.E., 2020. Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Translational psychiatry , 10 (1), p.291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020- 00982-4 Boutari, C. and Mantzoros, C.S., 2022. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism , 133 , p.155217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155217 Endalifer, M.L. and Diress, G., 2020. Epidemiology, predisposing factors, biomarkers, and prevention mechanism of obesity: a systematic review. Journal of obesity , 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6134362 Hanson, J.A. and Huecker, M.R., 2019. Sleep deprivation.

Research Proposal 12 Loef, B., Baarle, D.V., Van Der Beek, A.J., Beekhof, P.K., Van Kerkhof, L.W. and Proper, K.I., 2019. The association between exposure to different aspects of shift work and metabolic risk factors in health care workers, and the role of chronotype. PLoS One , 14 (2), p.e0211557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211557 Medina, L., Sabo, S. and Vespa, J., 2020. Living longer: Historical and projected life expectancy in the United States, 1960 to 2060 . Suitland, MD, USA: US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau. Ross, A., Touchton-Leonard, K., Perez, A., Wehrlen, L., Kazmi, N. and Gibbons, S., 2019. Factors that influence health-promoting self-care in registered nurses: Barriers and facilitators. ANS. Advances in nursing science , 42 (4), p.358. 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000274 Xu, Z., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., Song, L., Niu, S., Wang, S., Zhao, M., Wang, J., Cong, L., Han, X. and Hou, T., 2023. Associations of macular microvascular parameters with cerebral small vessel disease in rural older adults: A population-based OCT angiography study. Frontiers in Neurology , 14 , p.1133819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1133819

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