Earth 235_Lab 6 3D Print Models - Ontario[4]
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Geology
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Apr 3, 2024
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EARTH 235: STRATIGRAPHY AND EARTH HISTORY LAB #6: 3D Print Models - Ontario (Total = 45 Marks) 3D Physical Model of southern Ontario’s Paleozoic Geology
Please examine the 3D printed physical model of the Paleozoic geology of southern Ontario and answer the questions below. These 3D printed models are new, never been used before. Let us explore tactile learning with these amazing new models! But please be careful, they are delicate.
1.
Precambrian surface:
The red surface in the 3D printed geological model of southern Ontario is the Precambrian surface. Please take time to examine this surface that may include several different slopes. Then sketch a structural contour map of this surface (or a subcrop map of the Precambrian surface hidden under southern Ontario). This map should contain a title, legend, north arrow, scale, and several lines of equal elevation (approximately sketched) with a few numerical labels on these lines. This will help depict patterns in slope on a 2D piece of paper of a real 3D geological contact, the Precambrian surface. (Hint: Go on Google Earth to determine the approximate ground surface elevation in the northeastern part of the model where the Precambrian surface is highest and then extrapolate from this elevation down the slopes using the scale or CN Tower printed on the 3D model. <6 marks>
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2.
Cuestas:
There are many Cuestas in southern Ontario. Examine the medium-sized 3D-layered print model and the Lithostratigraphic chart of Ontario to answer this question. Please describe the colours and time periods that define the (i) Coboconk Cuesta, (ii) Lockport Group Cuesta, and (iii) Onondaga Cuesta on the 3D printed geological model of southern Ontario. <3 marks> (i)
Takes place in Upper Ordovician, color Blue on the 3d model. (ii)
Takes place in Lower Silurian, color yellow on the 3d model. (iii)
Takes place in middle Devonian, color green on the 3d model 3.
Paleozoic Layer Extent:
Calculate the maximum lateral extent of the green, yellow and blue layers in metres and kilometres in southern Ontario for the medium-sized 3D-layered print model. Please provide numerical values. Show your work for both models (medium and small models). <3 marks> Measuring with ruler then using horizontal scale from London to Toronto The scale start by on the 3d model is 1cm:4000000cm Green measures 8cm times by the scale to get 32000000cm or or 320000m 320km Yellow measures 9.5cm times by the scale to get 38000000cm or 380000m or 380km Blue measures 15.8cm times by the scale to get 63200000cm or 632000m or 632km 4.
Paleozoic Layer Thickness:
Calculate the maximum thickness of the green, yellow and blue layers in metres and kilometres in southern Ontario for the medium-sized 3D-layered print model. Please provide numerical values. Show your work for both models. (medium and small models) <3 marks> The scale we have is from question 1 which is 1cm:40000cm Green measures 1 cm for depth then use the scale to get 40000cm or 400m or 0.4km
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Yellow measures 1.6cm for depth then use the scale to get 64000cm or 640m or 0.64km Blue measures 2.2cm for depth then use the scale to get 88000cm or 880m or 0.88km 5.
Vertical Exaggeration: Please refer to the medium and small 3D physical models. The two models differ in scale but what is the vertical exaggeration of the small model? And what could be the advantage and disadvantage of each, differently scaled model? <5 marks> -
Small model vertical exaggeration is 200 -
disadvantage of higher exaggeration is its less to the scale. -
disadvantage of a lower exaggeration it might be harder to see the differences in layers since its less drastic. -
Benefits of higher exaggeration is it visualize the depth. -
Benefits of lower exaggeration is its easier to understand the layers relationships. 6.
Resources:
There are many resources hidden in the Paleozoic rock layers in southern Ontario. Please refer to the Lithostratigraphic Chart of southern Ontario to determine which coloured layer and associated time period salt is found in the subsurface geology. <2 marks> Salt takes place in the upper Silurian, and thew colour is purple. 7.
Resources:
Please refer to the figure from Lab 6 titled “Paleozoic stratigraphy of Michigan (Upper and Lower Peninsula) and associated natural resources” and explain why coal is not found in Ontario. <2 marks> You would not expect there to be coal in southern Ontario because it is on the edge of the Michigan Basin and since coal is from the Pennsylvanian it is newer. We know that newer formations of rock form in the middle of the basin, so since southern Ontario is at the edge of the Michigan basin it would not be found.
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8.
Quaternary Sediment:
Most Paleozoic rock in southern Ontario is covered by sediment. Refer to the Quaternary Geology Map of southern Ontario (available in the lab) to find three areas in southern Ontario where Paleozoic bedrock should be found at the ground surface. Please describe the location (relative to the 3D model and place names on the map), colour of the layer and geologic period that exposed Paleozoic rock is found. <3 marks> You would expect to see it near Oakville and Brampton areas. This would go with the blue colour on the 3d model. You would also see it near Kingston Ontario and this would also be represented by the blue colour on the 3d model. You would also see it near Prince Edward County Ontario and this would also be represented by the blue colour on the 3d model. 9.
Pinnacle Reefs:
To better understand these unique features keyword search in Armstong and Carter (2010), in the text and in Chart D (Figure 24, Cross Section J-C). What is the name of the (a) “Group” and (b) “Formation” that pinnacle reefs occur in? What (c) resources are found in these pinnacle reefs? And refer to Figure 7 to describe the potential (d) lithology of these unique features. Did you notice the pinnacle reefs shown in the new medium-sized 3D-block print model? What (e) colour should a person look for in the new medium-sized 3D-block print model to find a pinnacle reef? <5 marks> The pinnacle reef is below Leamington, it is in the Silurian period and is in the colour yellow (a) The group is the Salina Group (b) The formation is in the Eramosa Formation (c) Resources found could be Organic rich Carbonate (d) The potential lithology of the features is ? (e) Colour is yellow in the Silurian time period 10.
Buried Bedrock Valley:
In Elora you investigated a bedrock valley. But did you notice that many other bedrock valleys existed near Elora that were filled and buried by Quaternary
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sediments, hidden from view when at the ground surface. Investigate Groundwater Resource Study 12 to find out the (a) name of the bedrock valley shown in the new medium-sized 3D-
block print model and report the (b) maximum depth of this valley (searching the report and measuring on the 3D-model). <2 marks> (a)
Dundas buried bedrock valley (b)
Maximum depth is -50 meters below sea-level 11.
Arch and Basin:
Examine the new medium-sized 3D-block print model to find stratigraphic evidence for an (a) arch and (b) basin. Please describe this stratigraphic evidence. <2 marks> (a)
The arch runs parallel to an increase of contour lines over southern Ontario. It is an arch because you are missing green and orange units of rock and you can see the yellow units thinning. You can see this as it is discontinuous. (b)
You can see the basin because the yellow unit is getting thicker and all the units are moving down. 12.
Deep Reference Well:
Please go to Appendix 1: Well Cards for Reference Wells in Armstong and Carter (2010) and look up the well card for Well Licence No. F005446. What is the (a) total depth that the driller drilled to? What is the drilled (b) depth to the top of Precambrian rock? Then subtract these depths to determine (c) how far the driller drilled through Precambrian rock? Please show your work. And (d) why did they drill so deep into Precambrian rock and (e) who drilled this well (Hint: read the well card)? <5 marks> (a)
Total depth is 1711.80 meters (b)
Depth to the Precambrian will be 1150.6 Meters (c)
1711.80-1150.6=561.2 meters (d)
They did it to maybe see if there is anything below it possibly. (e)
Armstrong drilled the well
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13.
Summary Question: Describe how the 3D physical model can be used to gain a different perspective on the Paleozoic geology of Ontario compared to the 2D Bedrock map examined in Lab 5. Consider the different things you can see, do, and interpret with the 3D model and why these could be valuable. Please take time to explain. (4 marks) The perspective I gained from the 3d model is being able to see they layers and where and how they come into contact with the layers below and above them. This is not given on a 2d map so it helped me a lot and gave me a much different perspective. It also gives you a great idea of the depth of each layer as well. With a 3d model you can see formations better, for example the pinnacle reefs and the basins and the arches. This is very valuable as it helps me gain more understanding of what is happening in the stratigraphy of southern Ontario.
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