Test 1 Study Guide

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Ivy Tech Community College, Indianapolis *

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100

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Geology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Earth Science Test #1 Study Guide This study guide covers only the basics of the test; you will still need to study your textbook, power points, sketches, labs, and quizzes. This study guide is worth up to 10 extra credit points on test #1. To receive all 10 extra credit points, you study guide must be complete, correct, and detailed in your responses. NOTE: Questions are in no particular order 1. Sketch or describe all parts of the rock cycle. 2. Define Plate Tectonics. 3. What are the 2 types of seismic waves? How are they different? 4. How does the rate of cooling of a molten igneous rock affect the resulting crystal sizes? 5. What is the difference between an anticline, syncline, dome, and basin? 6. Describe Earth’s Interior Layers. 7. Define Earth Science and all its components. 8. What is the age of the Earth? 9. Define A . mineral, B . rock, C. ore, and D. gemstone. 10. Define silicate, and describe quartz, feldspar and mica. 11. Define carbonate (mineral). How do carbonate rocks form? List some common carbonates. 12. Describe the differences between cleavage, fracture, streak, hardness, and luster 13. What are the 2 different types of A. Igneous Rocks B. Sedimentary Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks? How are they different? 14. Define regional and contact metamorphism. How are they different? What is foliation? 15. Describe the difference between a scientific hypothesis, theory, and law. 16. Describe Alfred Wegener’s ground-breaking theory. Give evidence in support of his idea. Why did the scientific community not initially accept it?

17. Define convection. 18. What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? Describe the type of motion that is occurring at each boundary. 19. What are the 3 different types of convergent plate boundaries? Describe the type of motion that is occurring at each. 20. How does the age of the ocean floor help prove plate tectonics? 21. Describe several differences between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. What is a tectonic plate? 22. What & where is the Ring of Fire? 23. What are the 3 types of volcanoes? Describe the differences between each type. 24. How is a hot spot different than most other volcanoes? 25. What are the characteristics of magma that create explosive eruptions? 26. What are the differences between an earthquake epicenter and a focus? 27. How is oceanic crust different than continental crust? 28. What is a tsunami and how is it created? 29. What is deformation? What is the difference between elastic, brittle, and ductile deformation? Answers 1. If I had to describe all parts of the rock cycle it would go in a counterclockwise movement in a circle, and I am picking a starting point as weathering. From weathering and moving to the left it would go transportation and deposition. One step left from there would be compacting and cementation. In compacting and cementation there is sediment and sedimentary rocks. One step left again, and you are in metamorphism which there is also metamorphic rocks. One step left again, and you are in melting which has magma. Again, one step left, and you made it to crystallization which has magma and intrusive igneous rocks. Last step left before coming full circle to weathering is eruption and that has extrusive igneous rocks. 2. Is a theory that explains the dynamics of plate movement. It also explains multiple geological happenings and all processes of how mountains are made. 3. P waves and S waves. P waves are the first wave to be picked up on a seismograph because they are the fastest and can travel through anything. S waves are the second wave to be picked up and only travel on earth’s surface. Each one has their own motion in terms of a wave.

4. The faster the cooling the smaller the crystals that form and the slower the cooling the bigger the crystals form. This is because of the time allotted it helps the minerals have more time to grow and develop. 5. Differences between all of them are as stated  Anticline – looks like an arch  Syncline – looks like a trough  Dome – looks like a bowl that has been turned over  Basin – looks like a bowl that is upright 6. Earth’s interior layers are as follows  Inner core  Outer Core  Mantle  Asthenosphere  Lithosphere  Crust 7. Earth science is an umbrella term to include all studies of earth and space. It includes multiple studies which are geology (study of earth), oceanography (study of oceans), meteorology (study of atmospheric processes), and astronomy (study of the universe). 8. The earth is 4.6 billion years old. 9. Definitions as follows:  Mineral – is formed naturally but isn’t living and has a structure that is crystalline with a precise chemical composition  Ore – it’s a group of metallic minerals that form naturally in nature and can be mined  Gemstone – are precious or semiprecious stones  Rock – a consolidation mixture of minerals 10. Silicate is many minerals that have oxygen and silicon tetrahedrons as their base structure. Quartz is what I would think when I hear someone talking about crystals because it is white and somewhat clear, Feldspar is brown and makes up most of the earth’s crust, and Mica is fairly light, flaky and soft with green, red, or black colors. 11. A carbonate mineral is a set of minerals made up of multiple elements. They form when the carbon atoms join with oxygen to form the ion. Then they combine with metal positively charged ions to form the minerals. Examples would be calcite, dolomite, and marble. \ 12. The differences are streak is the powder form color of a mineral, luster is the appearance of the mineral in light, cleavage is the mineral’s ability to split, hardness is its scratch resistance, and fracture is the break in the mineral. 13. 2 different types of rocks for:  Igneous - Extrusive and Intrusive/ Difference in these are based upon the rates of melting and cooling.  Sedimentary – Chemical and Biochemical/ Chemical is made from precipitated water from organic or inorganic means and Biochemical is made from dissolved material in water precipitated from water dwelling creatures.

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 Metamorphic – Contact and Regional/ Contact is formed when magma meets existing rock and Regional is when rock that is buried undergoes exposure because of deformation. 14. Contact metamorphism is when magma meets an existing body of rock and Regional metamorphism is when rock that is buried undergoes exposure because of deformation. They are different because the processes that create and form them differ. Foliation is compressional stresses that happen in a metamorphic environment. 15. The differences between scientific hypothesis, theory, and law are basically going left to right the building blocks of each other. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of gathered facts and principles to describe a phenomenon and when that has survived scrutiny and all competing hypotheses have been eliminated it forms a theory, and when that theory is proven to be something that can be observed as always true it becomes a law. 16. His groundbreaking theory was that the continents at one time had been joined and then over time drifted apart. His examples as to why this was, was based on how fossils in the area matched those across the sea, rock types and structures matched, the possibility of how South America and Africa fit together, and climates of ancient times. Main push back to this theory was that there was an inability to provide a system and no evidence supported the oceanic crust was weak enough for the continents to break as they moved. 17. Convection is defined as the transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance and can only happen in liquids. 18. 3 type of plate boundaries are divergent, convergent, and transform. Divergent is the motion of plates moving away from each other. Convergent is the motion of plates towards each other. Transform is the motion of plates when they grind past each other but don’t make or destroy anything. 19. The 3 types of convergent plate boundaries are oceanic to continental, oceanic to oceanic, and continental to continental. The motion that occurs at a O to C boundary is oceanic crust going beneath continental crust. The motion that occurs from O to O is two oceanic plates hitting each other and one going beneath the other one. The motion of C to C is when two continents collide. 20. The age of the ocean helps prove plate tectonics because there is no sea floor older than 180 million years and that sea floor is being created at the plate boundaries. 21. Several differences between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere are the lithosphere is above the asthenosphere, lithosphere is elastic and easily shaped but the asthenosphere is more malleable than the lithosphere, the elements and minerals in the lithosphere drastically outweigh what’s in the asthenosphere, and the depth and temperature of each differ. A tectonic plate is a plate that is composed of both continental and oceanic plates. Is massive and shaped oddly. 22. The ring of fire is a place where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. It is in the Pacific Ocean. 23. 3 types of volcanoes are stratovolcano, cinder cone volcano, and a shield volcano. The differences between each are:  Stratovolcano – Large with gentle to steep slopes from base to peak with explosive eruption and many layers of lava and pyroclastic.  Cinder Cone Volcano – Basically looks like a steep hill with an explosive eruption and cinders that are the volcanic material.  Shield Volcano – Large with gentle slopes to a broad base with a quiet eruption that has fluid lava flows.

24. A hotspot is different from most other volcanoes because it does not occur at tectonic plate boundaries. 25. The characteristics of magma that creates explosive eruptions is high gas and viscosity content. 26. The difference is the epicenter is the point directly above the focus on the earth’s crust. The focus is the point where the earthquake originates. 27. The difference between oceanic and continental crust is the oceanic crust is younger and denser than the continental crust. 28. A tsunami is a series of enormous waves formed from earthquake or volcano in the ocean. 29. Deformation is the changes that tectonic forces can cause on rocks. Elastic deformation is when something temporarily deforms and then goes back to its original shape, Brittle deformation is when a rock’s strength is exceeded beyond its ability to respond elastically which causes it to break or bend, and Ductile deformation is when something changes shape but without breaking. The biggest differences in all of these is the way the are changed and formed from deformation.

Test 1 Study Guide

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