Assignment 2 2024 (1)
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Rowan College, Burlington County *
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Geology
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Apr 3, 2024
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Assignment 2
Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes (Chapters 4, 5 & 6) Assignment 2 aims to look at the movement of the Earth's plates as well as the development of
Earthquakes and Volcanoes due to such movements. It will be broken into three parts: Plate Tectonics,
Earthquakes, and Volcanoes. As was the case with the first assignment, as you complete this
assignment, make sure to use your own words and cite information that you get from any source other
than the text book, to avoid any form of plagiarism. Assignments must be a .pdf or .doc/docx. Please
use a different color text for answers so that I am able to pick out your answers easily. If it is easier, you
can also print, write and scan your assignment.
Part 1 - Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds (Chapter 4)
1.
What was the first line of evidence that led early investigators to suspect that the continents were once connected? Jigsaw puzzle
2.
Refer back to Section 1.2 in the text book (p.8), “The Nature of Scientific Inquiry,” to help answer the following:
a.
What observations led Alfred Wegener to develop his continental drift hypothesis? He noticed South America and Africa fit together nearly perfectly
.
b.
Why did most of the scientific community reject the continental drift hypothesis?
Lack of edvidence
c.
Do you think Wegener followed the basic principles of scientific inquiry? Support
your answer. Yes because he made a observation, came up with a hypothesis and tested it
3.
Compare and contrast the Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere. Lithosphere: crust and uppermost (coolest) mantle Asthenosphere: hotter, weaker mantle below the lithosphere
4.
List the seven largest lithospheric plates. North american, pacific plate, antartic, african plate, eurasian plate, Australian plate, south american plate.
5.
Looking at divergent plate boundaries:
a.
Sketch how two plates move in relation to each other along different plate boundaries. Two plates move away from each other, then hot rock from mantle below migrates up and fills void, the hot rock cools and makes a new lithosphere. (Could be oceanic or on the regular land). Focus on divergent - two plates move away from each other. b.
List four features that characterize the ocean ridge system.
-Longest topographic feature on Earth's surface
-Represents 20% of the Earth's surface
Name____________________________
-Seafloor spreading is what operates the system
-Along the crest of some segments is a "rift valley"
c.
Briefly describe the process of continental rifting. Where in the world is continental rifting occurring today? Occurs when plates produce opposing tensional forces (go the opposite direction) and magma is rising from beneath the surface. The stretching causes the crust to break apart and a new area is made.
6.
Referring to the accompanying diagrams that illustrate the three types of convergent plate boundaries, complete the following:
a.
Identify each type of convergent boundary.
b.
Volcanic island arcs develop on what type of crust Oceanic Crust
c.
Why are volcanoes largely absent where continental two blocks collide? the two continental blocks are made of a thick layer of rock, which makes it difficult for magma to go through.
d.
Describe two ways that oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries are different from oceanic-continental convergent boundaries? How are they similar?
a. Oceanic-oceanic convergence occurs deep in the ocean where one oceanic plate is overlapped on top of another oceanic plate causing the formation of trenches. The oceanic plate will disburse into smaller pieces causing earthquakes
to occur.
b. Oceanic-continental convergence triggers the formation of mountains, when a
continental plate overlaps an oceanic plate on collision.
c. The way in which one slab will descend below the other is the similarity of the two. Also, each convergence can trigger the formation of a volcano.
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Part 2 – Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior (Chapter 5)
7.
What type of fault tends to produce the most destructive earthquakes?
Earth's strongest earthquakes most often occur along large faults associated with convergent plate boundaries. The plate boundary between a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere and an overlying continental plate form a fault termed megathrust fault which have produced the majority of Earth's most powerful and destructive earthquakes.
8.
The accompanying map shows the locations of many of the largest earthquakes in the world since 1900. Refer to the map of Earth’s plate boundaries in Figure 4.10, page 103,
and determine which type of plate boundary is most often associated with these destructive events. convergent boundaries; ocean-continental convergence
1.
Are accurate, short-range earthquake predictions currently possible using the modern seismic instruments? Explain. No, there are currently no reliable methods available for making short-range earthquake predictions.
2.
What hazard usually causes the most casualties during an earthquake? The collapse of human-made structures
3.
Label the layers of Earth’s Interior shown on the accompanying diagram using the following terms: oceanic crust, continental crust, upper mantle, asthenosphere, and lithosphere.
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4.
Label the blanks on the diagram to show the relationship between earthquakes and faults using the following terms: epicenter, seismic waves, fault, fault trace, and hypocenter.
5.
How do continental crust and oceanic crust differ? Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust; continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust; the oldest continental crust is older than the oldest oceanic crust; plus the
continental crust is composed of a variety of rock types, whereas oceanic crust is composed of basalt and gabbro.
6.
How are Earth’s inner and outer core different? How are they similar?
Similar with nickel and iron different the outer core is liquid the inner core is solid
Name____________________________
7.
What potentially dangerous phenomenon often occurs when the energy of an earthquake is transferred from the solid earth to the hydrosphere (ocean) at their interface on the floor of the ocean? Seismic Sea Waves or a Tsunami
.
Part 3 – Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity (Chapter 6)
8.
Examine the accompanying photo and complete the following: a.
type of What volcano is shown? What features helped you classify it as such?
The volcano in the accompanying photo is a cinder cone. Features: Cinder cones are steep-sided volcanoes with a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. They are built from cinders
, which are small fragments of lava that have been ejected into the air and cooled and solidified before falling back to the ground.
b.
What is the eruptive style of such volcanoes? Cinder cones are formed by strombolian eruptions. Strombolian eruptions are characterized by moderate to violent explosions that eject cinders and other volcanic material into the air. c.
What type of plate boundary is the likely setting for this volcano
? The magma that erupts from cinder cones is typically basaltic. Basaltic magma is relatively fluid and has a low viscosity, which means that it can flow easily.
d.
Name a city that is vulnerable to the effects of a volcano of this type? One city that is vulnerable to the effects of a cinder cone volcano is Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Goma is located on the shore of Lake Kivu, which is directly west of the Nyiragongo volcano.
9.
For each of the following volcanoes or volcanic regions listed below; identify whether it is associated with a convergent
or divergent
plate boundary or with intraplate volcanism.
a.
Crater Lake convergent plate
b.
Hawaii’s Kilauea Intraplate volcanism
c.
Mount St. Helens convergent plate
d.
East African Rift divergent plate
e.
Yellow Stone Intraplate volcanism
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f.
Mount Pelée convergent plate
g.
Deccan Traps Intraplate volcanism
10. List the main gases released during a volcanic eruption.
The main gases released in volcanic eruption are water vapor, and carbon dioxide.
11. Label the diagram using the following terms: conduit, vent, lava, parasitic cone, bombs, pyroclastic material.
12. Explain why an eruption of Mount Rainier similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens could be considerably more destructive. it is larger and If an eruption occurred, lahars (destructive mudflow) may produce as well as floods, landslides and a series of earthquakes.
Extra Credit: Worth 5 pts.
1.
Did you know that at one time
there were wild rhinos in the US? When I went storm chasing I had
the chance to visit the active dig
site where they are working on
uncovering not only rhinos, but
also 5 species of horses, 3 species
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of camels and a sabre-tooth deer! For this extra credit please identify where this is located (state and the name of the location) and what the current name of the structure is that is covering these fossils! Take time to look over some of the information is is actually really interesting!