Lab 1 GEOL 1350_V2
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Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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GEOL1350 Name: Madison Martinez Lab Exercise 1 Bathymetry, Marine Charts, and Navigation Purpose
: Learn about latitude, longitude, converting distances. Understand the meaning of bathymetry. One of the most important requirements of marine work is precise positioning. This involves an understanding of latitude and longitude. Because water depth is also of primary concern, the concept of representing bathymetry on a two-dimensional surface also is important. Finally, concepts of direction, distance, and speed are important in marine work. Landforms of Earth range from mountains to flat plains and deep canyons on land. An even greater variety of topographic features are found beneath the world ocean. Structures in ocean basins are higher than the highest land mountains and deeper than the Grand Canyon. In all exercises show your calculations including units in every step, and/or explain your reasoning. Questions to Answer 1
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(15 points) Answer question b. and c. using the following table: Location Latitude Longitude Cape Cod (USA) 41
o
41’ N 70
o 12’ W Cape Breton (Canada) 46
o 17’ N 60
o 40’ W Cape Naturaliste (Australia) 33
o
32’ S 115
o 01’ E Nordkapp (Norway) 71
o 11’ N 25
o 48’ E Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) 34
o
21’ S 18
o
28’ E Cape Farvel (Greenland) 59
o
45’ N 43
o
55’ W Cape Horn (Chile) 55
o
59’ S 67
o
16’ W a) Using your phone, find out the latitude and longitude of the Earth and Environmental Science Building in Arlington, TX (degrees, minutes). Lat : 32
o
43’N Lon : 97
o
6’ W b) Which location (including Arlington) is farthest from the North Pole? Cape Horn Chile c) Which location (including Arlington) is farthest west from Greenwich? EES Building at UTA
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2. (15 points) Using your phone and starting from the marked location in the room, determine the bearing of marked objects in the room. Object 1: 310
o
NW
Object 2: 24
o
NE
Object 3 : 89
o
E
2. (10 points) The distance between the Canary Islands, Spain, and San Salvador, Bahamas is about 3094 nautical miles. Assume that the average speed of the Spanish fleet under the command of Christopher Columbus was 4 knots. How long would they have sailed (in days and hours) over this distance? Show your work. 3. (10 points). 1 degree longitude at the equator (East-West direction) corresponds to 111.3 km. Convert it to nautical miles and statue miles (U.S. mile). 1 degree = 60.097 NM 1 degree = 0.021 Mile 4. (10 points) a) What does GPS stand for? Global Positioning System b) Explain briefly how GPS works. Uses a minimum of 3 satellites to transmit ur position of something. 5. (5 points) What is the depth of the water if the echo sounder records a time difference between the signal sent and the signal received of 7 seconds? The speed of sound in water is 1500 m s
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. D= 1/2 * v * t D= 1/2 * 1500 * 7. D= 5250m 6. (5 points) In the space below, draw and label the following underwater landforms: continental shelf; continental slope; continental rise; abyssal plain; seamount; ocean trench; volcanic island. Hint: the blue line is the sea surface, and the y-axis is depth. Sea Surface
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7. (30 points) Convert the sounding chart of Palm Springs Bay (Figure 1) into a contoured bathymetric chart using a contour interval of 1 fathom. To construct a contoured bathymetric chart from soundings, the following guidelines must be followed: •
Contour lines only connect points of equal depth. They do not extend uphill or downhill to greater or lesser depths. Contours are smoothly curving lines, not jagged. •
Where contours cross valleys, they form a “V” pointing up-valley. Because valleys are eroded into the slope and because contours must remain at the same depth on the bottom, the contours inscribe a “V” within the valley. •
Contour lines always close. They may form regular to irregular circles or loops. If the complete contour is not on the chart area, the line will terminate abruptly along the edge. •
Contour lines never split or cross, but may merge at overhanging cliffs or vertical slopes. •
Slope or gradient refers to the inclination of the seafloor or land surface. Steepness of a slope is indicated by the distance between contours – the closer the contours, the steeper the slope and conversely, the farther apart the contours, the more gentle the slope. •
Normally, contours enclose areas of shallower depth. For a local, closed depression, where contours enclose an area of greater depth, the contours are distinguished by small tick marks that point into the depression.
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