Assignment2.1

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Dec 6, 2023

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Oceanology 09/08/2023 Assignment 2: Lines of Evidence for Plate Tectonics 1. Other scientists before and after Alfred Wegnar proposed theories for continental drift, and while many have the same general structure they do tend to be unique per person. Roberto Mantovani (1854-1933) was one of the people who posited the continental drift theory. Mantovani in 1878 drew his conclusions from similarly shaped structures by rivers and the layers they correspond with ( Scalera G., June 2009) Another Scientist who supported the Continental Drift theory was Frank Bursley Talor (1860-1938), he believed that Africa and South America were once joined, his beliefs were based on the mountain ranges in the respective areas believe these formations can only result in intense pressures. (National Geographic Editors, ND). 2. There are believed to be other supercontinents than Pangea, some of the others include Gondwana( K.C. Condie, 2005) and another supercontinent is Kenoraln( Hollingsworth S., March 2021) 3. Wenger noticed the pieces of coastlines fit together like puzzle pieces. (Johnson C., et al, ND) 4. Africa and South America fit together like a puzzle, the mountain range that connects them is the Himilayin and Andies. Eurasia and North America are connected by the

Appalachian mountains and the eastern Greenland, Ireland, Great Britain, and Norway Mountains( Lumen editors, ND) 5. When scientists study seafloor bathymetry they can learn about continental drift they discover features like mid-ocean ridges, deep sea trenches, and abyssal plains. (ck-12 editors, 2022) 6. Magnetic reversal Earth's magnetic north and south are switched. (Buis A. August 2021) No, the magnetic compass does not always point north 7. The igneous rock the seafloors are made of is Basalt. 8. Ancient climate zones are 9. The existence of glaciers seems to point to the idea that at one time they were closer to the poles 10. Glacial deposits are where sediments have slid off and solidified into one mass. This helps prove continental drift theory because a specific deposit that is found in one part of the world is found in another it proves at least at one point they either had similar animals or were nearby. 11. Wegner’s theory was not believed because of the belief at the time that the earth was a solid immovable mass (UCSB Science Line Edtiors, November 2016) 12. The plate tectonic theory does not suggest that all of Earth's land masses were once part of a supercontinent. 13. Based on the magnetic of the crust depends on the age of the crust. The cooler it is means it points north 14. The continental rift and Ocean basin

15. Based on the map of the age of the sea floor to the northeast of Australia is an area of the sea floor which is 144-208 million years old, this is around 16. Sediment such as terrigenous is carried by the weather. Biogenic is caused by living creatures. Hydrogenous is from minerals dissolving 17. You can find the thickest layer of Earth’s Crust in the Mediterranean sea 18. Reasonable an ridges are not very bumpy is that they are farther from the coastline line and, therefore, farther from land masses. 19. The most common plate boundary in tPacificifc is the Afrinca plate. The boundary that encompasses the Antarctic is a divergent plate boundary. 20. X points to the Pacific plate, Y points to the Australian Plate, and Z points to the African plate.

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References Giancarlo Scalera, (une, 2009), Roberto Mantovani (1854-1933) and his ideas on expanded and earth, as revealed by his correspondence and manuscripts, DOAJ, Vol. 54, no. 6, pp.615-649, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-4622 National Geographic Editors, (ND), Frank Bursley Taylor, DBpedia, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag- 4622 K.C. Condie(2005), SHIELDS(Pages 173-17 8,), Encyclopedia of Geol ogy, ISBN 9780123693969, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00145-3 . Sydney Hollingsworth (March 19, 2021), The Seven Supercontinents, Interstem, https://www.interstem.us/2021/03/19/the-seven-supercontinents Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkerbrandit, Cam Mosher(ND) 3.1: Alfred Wegner;s Continetal Drift Hypothesis, Salt Lake Community Colege, Opengeologly, https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/Book %3A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)/02%3A_Plat e_Tectonics/2.01%3A_Alfred_Wegeners_Continental_Drift_Hypothesis#:~:text=Wegener's %20first%20piece%20of%20evidence,been%20ripped%20apart%20%5B3%5D . Lumen Editors, (ND) Continental Drift, Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-continental-drift-2/ Ck-12 editors,(November 10, 2022), 5.4 Bathymetice Evidence for Seafloor Spreading, ck-12, https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-earth-science-flexbook- 2.0/section/5.4/primary/lesson/bathymetric-evidence-for-seafloor-spreading-ms-es/#

Alan Buis, (August 3, 2021)Flip Flop: Why Variations in Earth's Magnetic Field Aren't Causing Today's Climate Change, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Labortory, https://climate.nasa.gov/explore/ask- nasa-climate/3104/flip-flop-why-variations-in-earths-magnetic-field-arent-causing-todays- climate-change/#:~:text=Magnetic%20Pole%20Reversals&text=During%20a%20pole %20reversal%2C%20Earth's,common%20in%20Earth's%20geologic%20history . UCSB ScienceLine Editors (November 13, 2016), Why didn’t most geologists believe Alfred Wegner’s theory?, UCSB Scienceline, http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=5638

Assignment2.1

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