Understanding Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics: Waves Explained

Earthquake and plate tectonic formation P: waves S: waves Body waves travel through earth and we can analyze earths structure based on their bounce back SEISMOLOGISTS: record di±erent types of energy waves caused by earthquakes Slow seismic waves: extra hot magma, water —> EX) when google maps tra²c get red for certain reasons like a crash or tra²c. WHAT TYPE OF WAVE CAUSES THE MOST DAMAGE: ansers-SURFACE WAVE 1) P waves: primary waves are PARTICLE MOTION in the direction that the wave is traveling —-> making something COMPRESS—-> voice talking getting to your ear 2) S waves : particle motion is perpendicular to direction that wave is traveling sideways motion or transverse —-> cross³t ropes Crust: uppermost, lightwetight layer mantle : beneath the crust Outer core Inner core

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: lithosphere : crust and upper portion of the mantle - WHERE EARTHQUAKES HAPEN; move quickly enough for rock to break asthenosphere - hot partially melted layer of upper mantle EARTHQUAKES CANNOT HAPPEN, PUTTY like formation Asthenosphere - lithosphere boundary: Lower mantle- more dense than asthenosphere, ´ows much more slowly outer Patterns in earthquake: The paci³c ring of ³re: the edge of the paci³c ocean is riddled with volcanos THEORY OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING: The sea´oor is creating new crust and when that new crust is being created is it PUSHING it in either direction and thus new rock is created. Subduction zone: where the old crust is removed We KNOW that sea´oor spreading is true KEY TERMS: Divergent boundary: plates MOVING APART - This is where sea ´oor spreading occurs Convergent boundary: two plates colliding Paci³c ring of ³re: everywhere around the paci³c ocean that is a convergent boundary has VOLCANOS Transform boundary: slides past one another; not making or sucking in crust THE WILSON CYCLE: unifying umbrella theory and call it ‘plate tectonic” - The theory says “ the earths surface is convers by a seris of ridgis slabs on the lithosphere ´oating on the asthenosphere that move in relation to none another and interact at the margins (edges) of teh places like piece fo a puzzle WHEN HEAT FROM BELOW RISEDE THE ASTHENOSPHERE EXPANDS, BECOME LESS DENSE, AND IT CRACKS hence EARTHQUAKES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! MARGINS Ocean-ocean continent - continent: creates mountain ranges

TRANSFORM margin: WE LIVE ON A TRANSFORM boundary 1) YES! i watched the video 2) WHAT TYPE OF WAVE CAUSES THE MOST DAMAGE: ansers-SURFACE WAVE 3) We l LECUTURE: SEDIMENTS What can scientists learn by studying sediments Historical IODP: program that comes out of the japan and the united The past is the key to the present and the future Sediment is the MEMORY of the ocean. WAS THE CREATION OF OZONE LAYER ALSO DURING THE 2nd ATMOSPHERE BECUASE WE KNOW THAT THIS ATMOSPHERE WAS MORE DENSE AND WASnt STRIPPED BY SPACE RADIATION. What are the sediments? In general they are ³ne gained -mud SAND —---> MUD Composed of a lot of di±erent things Transportation The wind Water MAP OF SEDIMENTS: - How thick are the sediments on di±erent parts of the ocean - MOST SEDIMENTS ARE DEPOSITED IN THE OCEANS NEAR THE CONTINENTS - why ? river deltas carry the sediments - The mississippi is the largest dump of sediment - Sea´oor spreading? Middle of the ocean doesn't have a large accumulation of sediment HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IN LINE WITH GEOLOGIC CYCLE

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1) The lithospheric play hits another plate that causes uplift 2) EROSION : rain coming from the top of the mountain 3) TRANSPORT: gravity pulls the water and sediments 4) DEPOSITION: the sediment gets to the water and LAYS down a rock layer. 5) Repeat HOW DOES THE ENERGY OF THE ENVIRONMENT CONTROL PARTICLE TRANSPORT Summer has low energy of storms Winter has high energy Sand can be carried o±shore LA JOLLA EXAMPLE OF SANDY SUMMER AND ROCKY WINTER TYPES OF SEDIMENTS 4 main types: 2 types are abundant 1)terrigenous: matters that the continents are eroding 2) Biogenous:organic and MOST of the ocean sediment—--> animals are living EVERYwhere 3) hydrogenous: precipitate out of dissolved minerals—--> rare -precipitation is a CHEMICAL process involving that joining of ions in solution 4) cosmogenic sediment: -microtektites : when a meteor comes and impacts the shards melt and ´y up and wehn they come back down MOST COMMON SHELLS: Marine snow: dead shit snowing WHITE CLIFFS OF DOVER ENGLAND: They are gigantic pile of dead sediment of coccoliths PRINCIPLES OF SUPERPOSITION: young stu± on top and older stu± on the bottom - gives us RELATIVE AGES PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM: processes in the past behaved like the past will continue to happen. We aren't expected to much “new stu±” INTERMOLECULAR BONDS Heat: how much energy a substance has

Temperature; is the AVERAGE kinetic energy the molecules of a substance SOLIDS: have low enough energy that molecules can form rigid intermolecular bonds LIQUIDS GASSES: gasses have such high energies that molecules cannot form intermolecular bonds Ex) when ice melts the kinetic energy increases thus spreading the molecules apart and it becomes a LIQUID and if you put liquid in a pan it will increase KINETIC energy and will move molecules further apart creating a gas. Heat capacity: how much heat ONE GRAM of a material can absorb be±ore its temperature changes by 1 deg Celcius - Why?…HYDROGEN BONDS… in liquid water are strong enough that lots of heat - Water has a high heat capacity DENSITY OF WATER: Why does the evaporation cycle matter? The act OF evaporation takes an enormous amount of energy in calories…meaning without the oceans …the world would be A LOT HOTTER 1) What is a POLAR MOLECULE: one end is more negative and the other is more positive H 2 - O Salt is an ionic compound: in salt - sodium wants to give an electron 34 grams/ mil WHAT MAKES THE OCEAN SALTY? Chloride Calcium and silicon explains why the oceans are di±erent from riverwater They are di±erent Watercirculates TEMPERATURE is the di±erence between Why is the ocean not just freshwater? - It comes in with the river water that is eroding the rocks of the continent

- Water DISSOLVES RUNOFF TO THE OCEANS which creates salt SALT LAKE CITY: The acietnt remnants of the evidence of a dissolved ocean. Whats the puzzle?? Why are riverwater and ocean water di±erent compositionally? What is the process the CREATES the di±erence in composition? 1) calcium -plankton and creatures that use calcium and silicon to build their HARD SHELLS and when they die it does into the water CACO 2) manesium , chloride and sulfate: sea water is circulating and rock catches the MAGNESIUM and it reacts with the rock. 3) Taken out of the crust of the earth through deep sea volcanoes DIVERGENT PLATE PROCESS: Hydrothermal vents: cold water turns to hot and water with magnesium gets stripped The water cycle and its a±ect on the ocean - WATER IS NONCONSERVATIVE; meaning its always moving and forever changing - RESIDENCE TIME = 1,370,000,000/ 334,000 CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPTH: when ph drops below a value of 8 it dissolved back into the water Lecture 5 water the earth's coolant molecular structure of water- H20 water is a polar molecule hydrogen has one proton and one electron oxygen has 8 protons and 8 electrons the polar covalent bond between O and H tends to push electrons from H towards the O these are intramolecular bonds h20 liquid at room temperature h2s gas at room temp (no H bonding) H and O from different molecules form intermolecular bonds that make water a liquid water has a polar nature that makes it good at dissolving salt water is a good solvent its polar nature also makes it stick good

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high surface tension stuff can float on it water has a high heat capacity it can take a lot of heat before it changes temperature HEAT is the total energy of a substance TEMPERATURE is the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance transitions between states of matter take place by adding or removing energy solids lowest energy gasses highest EX ice in the sun will melt because it gains energy from the sun then when you put the water into a pan on your stove and leave it on the water will take the energy from the stove and turn into a gas HEAT CAPACITY how much heat one gram of a material can absorb before its temperature changes by 1Celscius water has one of the highest heat capacities of any known substance water has such a high heat capacity because of hydrogen bonds in liquid water that are strong enough that lots of heat energy is required to disrupt these intermolecular bonds the hydrogen bonds are a consequence of the polar nature of water molecules EX beach sand is hot but the water is cold even though they receive the same amount of sun Density=mass/volume ice has greater volume water has greater mass thermal characteristics of water a calorie is a unit of energy defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure liquid water by 1 degree celsius E-D all ice, adding heat raises temperature of ice to 0 c D-C ice + liquid water, constant T because all heat going to melt ice C-F-all liquid, heat raises temperature of water by 1C for each calorie added per gram f-g liquid +vapor, water building, constant T because gat added goes to breaking H bonds and allowing molecules to escape without water on the equator it would be too hot to sustain life the ocean acts as a thermal buffer for the earth

water resists rising in temperature as heat is added or removed sahara desert 50c antarctic continent -90c 140 degree range ocean changes from freezing -2c to 34c has a range of 36c mars can have temperature swings greater than 100C ![[Pasted image 20231012162831.png]] the ocean moderates the earth's surface temperature transporting heat from the tropics where there is an excess to the polar regions where there is a deficit-air and ocean currents melting and freezing polar ice each year evaporating in tropical regions but the ocean is not pure water, what is the principal difference between water and seawater? on average sea water contains about 3.5% dissolved solids and 96.5% water (we say salinity is 35% or per mil) these salts lower the freezing point of seawater to -2C because the salt interferes with solid lattice of ice crystals(acts as antifreeze) ![[Pasted image 20231012163434.png]] the ocean is layed due to density differences this is called density stratification surface zone-well mixed pycnocline-regions of rapid increase in density deep zone- stable density salinity variations can be explained by a balance between evaporation makes water saltier and precipitation makes water less salty little light penetrates to below photic zone and it is blue hydrogen bonds in water absorb red light life requieres light - photosynthesis is the basis of life or most of the planet besides the top 100 meters of the ocean there is NO light Earthquake and plate tectonic formation

P: waves S: waves Body waves travel through earth and we can analyze earths structure based on their bounce back SEISMOLOGISTS: record di±erent types of energy waves caused by earthquakes Slow seismic waves: extra hot magma, water —> EX) when google maps tra²c get red for certain reasons like a crash or tra²c. WHAT TYPE OF WAVE CAUSES THE MOST DAMAGE: ansers-SURFACE WAVE 1) P waves: primary waves are PARTICLE MOTION in the direction that the wave is traveling —-> making something COMPRESS—-> voice talking getting to your ear 2) S waves : particle motion is perpendicular to direction that wave is traveling sideways motion or transverse —-> cross³t ropes Crust: uppermost, lightwetight layer mantle : beneath the crust Outer core Inner core

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: lithosphere : crust and upper portion of the mantle - WHERE EARTHQUAKES HAPEN; move quickly enough for rock to break asthenosphere - hot partially melted layer of upper mantle EARTHQUAKES CANNOT HAPPEN, PUTTY like formation Asthenosphere - lithosphere boundary: Lower mantle- more dense than asthenosphere, ´ows much more slowly outer Patterns in earthquake: The paci³c ring of ³re: the edge of the paci³c ocean is riddled with volcanos THEORY OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING: The sea´oor is creating new crust and when that new crust is being created is it PUSHING it in either direction and thus new rock is created. Subduction zone: where the old crust is removed We KNOW that sea´oor spreading is true KEY TERMS: Divergent boundary: plates MOVING APART - This is where sea ´oor spreading occurs Convergent boundary: two plates colliding Paci³c ring of ³re: everywhere around the paci³c ocean that is a convergent boundary has VOLCANOS Transform boundary: slides past one another; not making or sucking in crust THE WILSON CYCLE: unifying umbrella theory and call it ‘plate tectonic” - The theory says “ the earths surface is convers by a seris of ridgis slabs on the lithosphere ´oating on the asthenosphere that move in relation to none another and interact at the margins (edges) of teh places like piece fo a puzzle WHEN HEAT FROM BELOW RISEDE THE ASTHENOSPHERE EXPANDS, BECOME LESS DENSE, AND IT CRACKS hence EARTHQUAKES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! MARGINS Ocean-ocean continent - continent: creates mountain ranges TRANSFORM margin:

WE LIVE ON A TRANSFORM boundary 1) YES! i watched the video 2) WHAT TYPE OF WAVE CAUSES THE MOST DAMAGE: ansers-SURFACE WAVE 3) We l LECUTURE: SEDIMENTS What can scientists learn by studying sediments Historical IODP: program that comes out of the japan and the united The past is the key to the present and the future Sediment is the MEMORY of the ocean. WAS THE CREATION OF OZONE LAYER ALSO DURING THE 2nd ATMOSPHERE BECUASE WE KNOW THAT THIS ATMOSPHERE WAS MORE DENSE AND WASnt STRIPPED BY SPACE RADIATION. What are the sediments? In general they are ³ne gained -mud SAND —---> MUD Composed of a lot of di±erent things Transportation The wind Water MAP OF SEDIMENTS: - How thick are the sediments on di±erent parts of the ocean - MOST SEDIMENTS ARE DEPOSITED IN THE OCEANS NEAR THE CONTINENTS - why ? river deltas carry the sediments - The mississippi is the largest dump of sediment - Sea´oor spreading? Middle of the ocean doesn't have a large accumulation of sediment HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IN LINE WITH GEOLOGIC CYCLE 1) The lithospheric play hits another plate that causes uplift

2) EROSION : rain coming from the top of the mountain 3) TRANSPORT: gravity pulls the water and sediments 4) DEPOSITION: the sediment gets to the water and LAYS down a rock layer. 5) Repeat HOW DOES THE ENERGY OF THE ENVIRONMENT CONTROL PARTICLE TRANSPORT Summer has low energy of storms Winter has high energy Sand can be carried o±shore LA JOLLA EXAMPLE OF SANDY SUMMER AND ROCKY WINTER TYPES OF SEDIMENTS 4 main types: 2 types are abundant 1)terrigenous: matters that the continents are eroding 2) Biogenous:organic and MOST of the ocean sediment—--> animals are living EVERYwhere 3) hydrogenous: precipitate out of dissolved minerals—--> rare -precipitation is a CHEMICAL process involving that joining of ions in solution 4) cosmogenic sediment: -microtektites : when a meteor comes and impacts the shards melt and ´y up and wehn they come back down MOST COMMON SHELLS: Marine snow: dead shit snowing WHITE CLIFFS OF DOVER ENGLAND: They are gigantic pile of dead sediment of coccoliths PRINCIPLES OF SUPERPOSITION: young stu± on top and older stu± on the bottom - gives us RELATIVE AGES PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM: processes in the past behaved like the past will continue to happen. We aren't expected to much “new stu±” INTERMOLECULAR BONDS Heat: how much energy a substance has Temperature; is the AVERAGE kinetic energy the molecules of a substance

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SOLIDS: have low enough energy that molecules can form rigid intermolecular bonds LIQUIDS GASSES: gasses have such high energies that molecules cannot form intermolecular bonds Ex) when ice melts the kinetic energy increases thus spreading the molecules apart and it becomes a LIQUID and if you put liquid in a pan it will increase KINETIC energy and will move molecules further apart creating a gas. Heat capacity: how much heat ONE GRAM of a material can absorb be±ore its temperature changes by 1 deg Celcius - Why?…HYDROGEN BONDS… in liquid water are strong enough that lots of heat - Water has a high heat capacity DENSITY OF WATER: Why does the evaporation cycle matter? The act OF evaporation takes an enormous amount of energy in calories…meaning without the oceans …the world would be A LOT HOTTER 1) What is a POLAR MOLECULE: one end is more negative and the other is more positive H 2 - O Salt is an ionic compound: in salt - sodium wants to give an electron 34 grams/ mil WHAT MAKES THE OCEAN SALTY? Chloride Calcium and silicon explains why the oceans are di±erent from riverwater They are di±erent Watercirculates TEMPERATURE is the di±erence between Why is the ocean not just freshwater? - It comes in with the river water that is eroding the rocks of the continent - Water DISSOLVES RUNOFF TO THE OCEANS which creates salt

SALT LAKE CITY: The acietnt remnants of the evidence of a dissolved ocean. Whats the puzzle?? Why are riverwater and ocean water di±erent compositionally? What is the process the CREATES the di±erence in composition? 1) calcium -plankton and creatures that use calcium and silicon to build their HARD SHELLS and when they die it does into the water CACO 2) manesium , chloride and sulfate: sea water is circulating and rock catches the MAGNESIUM and it reacts with the rock. 3) Taken out of the crust of the earth through deep sea volcanoes DIVERGENT PLATE PROCESS: Hydrothermal vents: cold water turns to hot and water with magnesium gets stripped The water cycle and its a±ect on the ocean - WATER IS NONCONSERVATIVE; meaning its always moving and forever changing - RESIDENCE TIME = 1,370,000,000/ 334,000 CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPTH: when ph drops below a value of 8 it dissolved back into the water Lecture 5 water the earth's coolant molecular structure of water- H20 water is a polar molecule hydrogen has one proton and one electron oxygen has 8 protons and 8 electrons the polar covalent bond between O and H tends to push electrons from H towards the O these are intramolecular bonds h20 liquid at room temperature h2s gas at room temp (no H bonding) H and O from different molecules form intermolecular bonds that make water a liquid water has a polar nature that makes it good at dissolving salt water is a good solvent its polar nature also makes it stick good

high surface tension stuff can float on it water has a high heat capacity it can take a lot of heat before it changes temperature HEAT is the total energy of a substance TEMPERATURE is the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance transitions between states of matter take place by adding or removing energy solids lowest energy gasses highest EX ice in the sun will melt because it gains energy from the sun then when you put the water into a pan on your stove and leave it on the water will take the energy from the stove and turn into a gas HEAT CAPACITY how much heat one gram of a material can absorb before its temperature changes by 1Celscius water has one of the highest heat capacities of any known substance water has such a high heat capacity because of hydrogen bonds in liquid water that are strong enough that lots of heat energy is required to disrupt these intermolecular bonds the hydrogen bonds are a consequence of the polar nature of water molecules EX beach sand is hot but the water is cold even though they receive the same amount of sun Density=mass/volume ice has greater volume water has greater mass thermal characteristics of water a calorie is a unit of energy defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure liquid water by 1 degree celsius E-D all ice, adding heat raises temperature of ice to 0 c D-C ice + liquid water, constant T because all heat going to melt ice C-F-all liquid, heat raises temperature of water by 1C for each calorie added per gram f-g liquid +vapor, water building, constant T because gat added goes to breaking H bonds and allowing molecules to escape without water on the equator it would be too hot to sustain life the ocean acts as a thermal buffer for the earth water resists rising in temperature as heat is added or removed

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sahara desert 50c antarctic continent -90c 140 degree range ocean changes from freezing -2c to 34c has a range of 36c mars can have temperature swings greater than 100C ![[Pasted image 20231012162831.png]] the ocean moderates the earth's surface temperature transporting heat from the tropics where there is an excess to the polar regions where there is a deficit-air and ocean currents melting and freezing polar ice each year evaporating in tropical regions but the ocean is not pure water, what is the principal difference between water and seawater? on average sea water contains about 3.5% dissolved solids and 96.5% water (we say salinity is 35% or per mil) these salts lower the freezing point of seawater to -2C because the salt interferes with solid lattice of ice crystals(acts as antifreeze) ![[Pasted image 20231012163434.png]] the ocean is layed due to density differences this is called density stratification surface zone-well mixed pycnocline-regions of rapid increase in density deep zone- stable density salinity variations can be explained by a balance between evaporation makes water saltier and precipitation makes water less salty little light penetrates to below photic zone and it is blue hydrogen bonds in water absorb red light life requieres light - photosynthesis is the basis of life or most of the planet besides the top 100 meters of the ocean there is NO light

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