Ocean Chap 3

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Kean University *

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Geology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Chemisynthesis The making of organic material from inorgaic subtances using chemical energy Photosynthesis Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars continental drif The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifed to their present locations proposed by Alfred Wegener 1912 seismic waves vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake P wave Compressed wave they are refracted at density boundaries S wave A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side they cannot pass through liquids

surface waves a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface body waves travel through Earth's interior Crust The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle oceanic crust: basalt heavier than continental crust Continental crust granite Mantle The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core. 68% of earth's mass and 83% of earth's volume Core Center of the earth iron, nickel

Lithosphere A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. cool, rigid; crust+uppermost mantle 00:0903:34 Asthenosphere The sof layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. hot, partially melted, slowly flowing; upper mantle lower mantle The lowest portion of mantle, a zone of rigid rock hotter, does not melt, flows more slowly Core liquid outer core, solid inner core Earth's Internal Heat Earth's interior is heated by radioactive decay•

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Heat is transferred by • Conduction - the transfer of heat from molecule to molecule • Convection - the transfer of heat in a fluid by circular movement • Radiation - the transfer of heat by wave motion Isostasy The balancing of the downward force of the crust and the upward force of the mantle. Isostatic Equilibrium Balanced support of lighter material in a heavier, displaced supporting matrix; analogous to buoyancy in a liquid. James Hutton uniformitarianism the idea that Earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is the key to the past catastrophism the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events. Darwin and Wallace Biological evolution Pacific ring of fire Volcanism surrounding Pacific Ocean• Earthquakes surrounding Pacific Ocean Oceanic crust dated and found to be young compared to the age of Earth(4% of earth's age) Mid ocean ridges spreading centers where oceanic crust forms Subduction zones areas where oceanic crust is recycled into the mantle,balance seafloor spreading Plate tectonic theory - John Tuzo Wilson, 1965 Lithospheric plates "float" on asthenosphere • Plate form at mid-ocean ridge systems (spreading centers where oceaniccrust forms)• Plate recycle along subduction zones (areas where oceanic crust is recycled into the new crust

Divergent boundaries (constructive) Two plates move apart ocean divergent: mid ocean ridge system Continental: rif valley Convergent boundaries (destructive) Two plates move towards one another and interact ocean to ocean: trench island arc system Ocean to continent: trench volcanos Continent to continent: mountains and earthquakes Transform or conservative Two plates slide past each other transform fault crust is neither produced or destroyed Mantle plumes continent-sized columns of superheated mantle• Deccan Traps, India• Pacific Northwest Stationary under moving plates

Hot spots relatively narrow plumes of magma, surface expression of mantle plumes• Hawaii• Yellowstone stationary under moving plates

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