GEOL-106_Lecture_[06]_Precambrian_Earth

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PRECAMBRIAN EARTH AND LIFE HISTORY GEOL 106 Chapter 19
Introduction Our reference of time, in geology, spans billions of years. The Earth is 4.6 billion years old. The largest unit of time on Earth is the Precambrian . It lasted for about 4 billion years. Fig. 19.2, p. 477
Introduction Geologists divide the Precambrian into three eons. Eons Hadean Eon (4.55 Ga – 4.0 Ga) Archean (4.0 - 2.5 Ga) Proterozoic (2.5 - 0.542 Ga) If all geologic time were represented by a 24-hour clock, the Precambrian would be more than 21 hours long and constitute more than 88% of all geologic time. Fig. 19.1, p. 476
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Introduction Rocks younger than Cambrian 88% of geologic time (4.6 Ga – 542 Ma) No rock from the first few million years (Hadean Eon) Difficult to study Old Metamorphosed Deformed Contains few fossils
What Happened During the Hadean? Hadean encompasses all geologic time from 4.6 to 4.0 billion years. Fig. 19.3a, p. 477
What Happened During the Hadean? Volcanism was widespread. Earth was a hot, rapidly rotating , and barren planet bombarded constantly by meteorites and comets.
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What Happened During the Hadean? The oldest mineral is a zircon from the Jack Hills, Australia, dated at 4.4 Ga Zircon W74/2-36: The oldest known thing on Earth
What Happened During the Hadean? The Earth was still accreting from planetesimals and differentiating. There are few rocks from this time period. Some crust had formed, possibly by 4.4 Ga. Abundant radionuclides produced a lot of heat and resulted in widespread volcanism.
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What Happened During the Hadean? A Mars-sized planetesimal probably struck Earth about 4.4-4.6 Ga and injected material that coalesced into the Moon .
What Happened During the Hadean? Oceans may have begun to form by 4.4 Ga. The Earth's atmosphere had little or no free oxygen (O 2 ). No Ozone layer = lethal UV radiations No surface water Intense volcanic activity Early Crust (Zr, 4.4 Ga)
What Happened During the Hadean? The process of continental accretion was slowly building the continents from small island arcs. The first crusts were mafic (rich in iron or magnesium) , but weathering produced sediments richer in silica . Fig. 19.4 b, p. 478
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SteppedArt Fig. 19-4, p. 478 Island arc Island arc Sea level Oceanic lithosphere Asthenosphere
Statement: The first crust was mainly made of silica. A) True B) False
Shields, Platforms, Cratons Precambrian Earth andLife History
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The Foundations of the Continents- Shields, Platforms, and Cratons Each continent today has an ancient, stable craton made up of a Precambrian shield and platform . Areas of exposed Precambrian rocks constitute the shields . Platforms consist of buried Precambrian rocks. A shield and its adjoining platform make up a craton . Fig. 19.5, p. 479
Question: Which one was the characteristic of Hadean? A) bombardment by meteorites and comets B) intense volcanic activity C) early crust formation D) all of the above
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Archean Precambrian Earth andLife History
Archean Earth History The Archean 4.0 bya – 2.5 bya Archean rocks are mostly granite-gneiss complexes and subordinate greenstone belts (metamorphosed basalts and sediments). One model for the origin of greenstone belts holds that they formed in back-arc marginal basins . Fig. 19.9, p. 483
Archean Earth History Greenstone Belts and Granite-Gneiss Complexes Fig. 19.7, p. 482
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Archean Earth History Greenstone Belts and Granite-Gneiss Complexes Three units Upper sedimentary unit Middle volcanic unit (basalts) Lower volcanic unit (ultramafic) Synclinal structures 40-120 km wide 240 km long Low grade metamorphism formed greenish chlorite Pillow basalts common Under water extrusion Ultramafic lava: Hotter Earth!
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Ely, MN Greenstone belt (metabasalt)
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Fiskenaesset complex Greenland
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Fiskenaesset complex Greenland
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Statement: Volcanism is responsible for the lower and middle units in greenstone belt. True False
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Archean Earth History Archean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons Many geologists think that Archean plates moved faster than plates do now because Earth possessed more radiogenic heat . Small cratons would have grown more rapidly to become larger continents. Several small cratons existed, 30-40% of present continental crust existed by the end of the Archean.
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Archean Earth History Origin of a Greenstone Belt in a Back-Arc Basin Fig. 19.8, p. 483
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Archean Earth History Table 19.1, p. 481 Stromatolites at Shark Bay, Western Australia. Photo: UNSW Sydney/Brendan Burns
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Proterozoic Earth History Precambrian Earth andLife History
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So, what’s new in the Proterozoic? Archean Greenstone belts and granite-gneiss complexes Metamorphosed Proterozoic Less greenstone belts No or little metamorphism Separated from Archean by unconformity New rock assemblages (passive margin sediments) Modernization of atmosphere and biosphere
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Supercontinent Rodinia Snowball Earth Eukaryotes Ediacara
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The Wilson Cycle
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Proterozoic Earth History – s The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Paleoproterozoic History of Laurentia By 1.8 bya, plate collisions had formed several orogens linear or arcuate belts of deformed metamorphic rock intruded by magma forming huge batholiths. Orogens include: Wopmay Trans-Hudson Baffin Penokean Mojave Ketilidian
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Proterozoic Earth History Fig. 19.10, p. 485 The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Paleoproterozoic History of Laurentia The old Archean cratons were sutured together by continental accretion along their margins creating a large landmass known as Laurentia . Laurentia included part of North America and Greenland.
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Fig. 19.10, p. 485
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Proterozoic Earth History Between 1.8 and 1.1 bya extensive igneous activity unrelated to orogenic processes occurred in Laurentia. Fig. 19.10, p. 485 The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic Igneous Activity
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Proterozoic Earth History The continental mass thickened with: Granite and anorthosite plutons Volcanic calderas Vast sheets of ash Fig. 19.10, p. 485 The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic Igneous Activity
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Proterozoic Earth History Origin(s) of the magmas is uncertain, but may be due to excessive heating and partial melting of the mantle under a Proterozoic supercontinent. Fig. 19.10, p. 485 The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic Igneous Activity
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Proterozoic Earth History Between 1.3 and 1.1 bya the Grenville orogeny occurred as the final stage of Proterozoic continental accretion in Laurentia. The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Mesoproterozoic Orogeny and Rifting
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Llano uplift, part of the Grenville orogeny Enchanted Rock State Park (TX)
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Question: A large landmass composed mostly of North America and Greenland that evolved during the Proterozoic Eon is called _______ A) Atlantis B) Mesoamerica C) Wilsonia D) Laurentia
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Proterozoic Earth History The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Mesoproterozoic Orogeny and Rifting Beginning 1.1 bya, the Midcontinental Rift formed, thought to be a failed rift that did not break Laurentia apart. Detrital sedimentary rocks and basaltic lava flows are found in the central portion of the rift.
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Proterozoic Earth History Fig. 19.12a, p. 487 The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Meso- and Neoproterozoic Sedimentation In the western United States and Canada, Proterozoic sedimentary rocks are well-exposed, including in the Grand Canyon. These are mostly sandstones and shales , with some dolostones and stromatolite-bearing carbonates . Indicate shallow marine and fluvial environments of deposition
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Proterozoic Earth History The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Proterozoic Supercontinents A continent is a landmass, consisting of a granitic crust and most of its surface above sea level. A supercontinent is larger and composed of several continents that have come together. Fig. 19.13, p. 488
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Proterozoic Earth History The Proterozoic 2.5 Bya – 542 Bya Proterozoic Supercontinents The first known supercontinent was Rodinia . assembled 1.3 to 1.0 Bya began fragmenting 750 Mya The southern portion of Rodinia reassembled to form Pannotia about 650 Mya. Fig. 19.13, p. 488
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Proterozoic Earth History Proterozoic Rocks Sandstone-carbonate-shale assemblages Present-day tectonics in place Thick carbonates, stromatolites 60% of all Proterozoic rocks
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Proterozoic Earth History Deposition on a Continental Shelf (shallow marine environment)
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Proterozoic Earth History Proterozoic Rocks Sandstone-carbonate-shale assemblages Deposited on passive continental margins and in intracratonic basins The most common Proterozoic-aged rocks Fig. 19.12b, p. 487
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Proterozoic Rocks of the Great Lakes region
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Cross-bedding in the Sioux Quartzite, Blue Mounds State Park, Minnesota. Proterozoic Quartzite
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Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere Precambrian Earth andLife History
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Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere Hadean atmosphere No oxygen (reducing) Volcanic gases, similar to today No core, no magnetic field Solar wind sweeps gases away Fig. 19.16, p. 490
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Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere The Atmosphere Earth’s earliest atmosphere was derived by the release of mostly CO 2 and H 2 O from the outgassing of volcanoes. Fig. 19.16, p. 490
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Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere The Archean atmosphere Lacked free oxygen (O 2 ) Rich in carbon dioxide Modern atmosphere 21% free oxygen Some carbon dioxide The oceans now cover 71% of the Earth’s surface. Fig. 19.16, p. 490
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2,700 Ma gold-bearing conglomerate contains rounded rock fragments indicating transportation and deposition of these pebbles in water. Such sedimentary rocks, in places as old as 3,800 Ma, have been found in “Precambrian Shields” proving that some shallow rivers and seas were already present during the Early Archean. Pyrite (FeS 2 ) inconglomerate
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Note that the clasts include rounded pyrite grains that are rarely, if ever, deposited in recent sediments since they are rapidly oxidized and decomposed when in the presence of free oxygen. Therefore the presence of these pyrite grains in this sediment indicates deposition in oxygen-free atmospheric conditions during the Archean. Pyrite (FeS 2 ) inconglomerate
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Question: What is true about Archean? A) low amount of carbon dioxide B) oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere C) rocks are not oxidized D) no volcanic activity
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Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere The Atmosphere - The Proterozoic atmosphere had some oxygen. Two processes account for the introduction of free oxygen. Photochemical dissociation Water vapor in the atmosphere is broken down by UV rays to oxygen and free hydrogen; results in an ozone barrier with very little free oxygen Fig. 19.17, p. 490
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Sun Ultraviolet radiation Hydrogen H 2 Escape to space Oxygen O 2 To atmosphere Oxygen O 2 To atmosphere Organic compounds SteppedArt Fig. 19-17, p. 490 Water H 2 O Carbon dioxide CO 2 Ozone O 3 Oxygen O 2 Oxygen O 2 Water vapor H 2 O photochemical dissociation Photosynthesis
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Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere The Atmosphere Photosynthesis accounts for most of the free oxygen. Cyanobacteria, present since the Archean, did not become common until about 2.3 bya. These photosynthesizing organisms added free oxygen to the evolving atmosphere. They form structures known as stromatolites. Fig. 19.20a, p. 493
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Proterozoic Earth History Banded Iron Formations Deposition of widespread banded iron formations between 2.5 and 2.0 billion years ago indicate that free oxygen (O 2 ) was absent in the early atmosphere. Fig. 19.15, p. 489
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Proterozoic Earth History Banded Iron Formations 2.5 - 1.5 Ga (does not form today) Sedimentary rock: alternating thin layers of iron-rich material and chert Hundreds of meters thick Fig. 19.15, p. 489
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BIF Deposits
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Greenstone Belts – BIF– Soudan, MN
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Iron Stone(BIF)
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Banded Iron Formations
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The Great OxidationEvent Prokaryotic photosynthesizers, included the newly-evolved cyanobacteria (and eventually eukaryotic algae) release more and more oxygen into atmosphere. Between 2.5 and 2.3 Ga, most of this oxygen got absorbed by the copious levels of dissolved iron in the ocean water. This produced "rust", which accumulated on the sea floors as Banded Iron Formations (or BIFs).
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The Great OxidationEvent When the dissolved iron was all used up, BIF production stopped and the oxygen began to add to the atmosphere (and as dissolved oxygen in the water). Atmospheric levels of oxygen rises to about 10% of modern levels .
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Proterozoic Earth History Continental Red Beds Deposition of continental red beds about 1.8 billion years ago , however, indicate that some free oxygen (O 2 ) was now present in the atmosphere. Photosynthesis had produced a lot of the oxygen. Fig. 19.12c, p. 487
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Mt Whaleback mine near Newman (Australia) produces about 80 million tonnes of iron ore per year. BIF Mine,Australia
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Statement: Oxygen began to add to the atmosphere after all existing dissolved iron used up. A) True B) False
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The Great OxidationEvent The Great Oxidation Event produced the modern oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere: Reducing components (methane, ammonia, etc.) were oxidized and scrubbed out of the skies On the surface of the land, iron-rich minerals rusted (which is why they turn red) and some material which was once stable became instable
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The Great OxidationEvent The Great Oxidation Event produced the modern oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere: Loss of greenhouse gasses result in lowering Earth's temperature, likely responsible for Huronian and related glaciations. Greatest of these, at about 2.2 Ga, is the Makganyene event: oldest of the Snowball Earth events.
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Snowball Earth? Entire planet smothered in ice for millions of years Tropics and equator signs of ice Temperatures around -40º C Warmed up at 600 Ma Effect on life?
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Snowball Earth
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Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere Fig. 19.16, p. 490 The Hydrosphere All water on Earth is part of the hydrosphere. Most of it (more than 97%) is in the oceans. Sources of Water: Meteorite and comet impacts and volcanic outgassing Today, almost all water is recycled through the hydrologic cycle.
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