GEOL-106_Lecture_[05]_Organic_Evolution

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ORGANIC EVOLUTION: THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE GEOL 106 Chapter 18
Introduction In 1831 Charles Darwin boarded the Beagle, a research vessel exploring the oceans for Great Britain. Darwin’s observations on the Galapagos Islands countered the beliefs of his day. He observed that animals descend (with modification) from ancestral species. Darwin’s finches drawings
Galapagos Island
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Darwin’s Finches (Galapagos)
Darwin’s Finches (Galapagos)
Statement: Species are related and gradually change over time . • True • False
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Introduction Fig. 18.1a, p. 451 Today, this is known as the theory of evolution . (Recall that in science, a theory is NOT a hunch or a guess.) Evolution is fundamental to the study of paleontology , the life history revealed in fossils.
Organic Evolution: What Does ItMean? Organic evolution does NOT explain the origin of life on Earth. This is abiogenesis (Chapter 19.7). Organic evolution describes how living organisms have changed since life first appeared on Earth. Although some ancient Greeks and Medieval European theologians considered evolution, before the 18th century, the ideas of Aristotle and the creation accounts in the Book of Genesis dominated European culture.
Organic Evolution: What Does ItMean? Beginning in the 18th century, naturalists sought evidence for Genesis, but instead found evidence for evolution. Hutton and others concluded that the Earth was far older than the creation date proposed by Bishop Ussher. Cuvier demonstrated that many plants and animals are now extinct.
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Organic Evolution: What Does ItMean? Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) and His Ideas on Evolution Lamarck ‘s proposal of inheritance of acquired characteristics was the first formal explanation for the theory of evolution to be taken seriously. This idea states that new characteristics arise in organisms because of their needs and, somehow, these characteristics are passed on to their descendants.
Organic Evolution: What Does ItMean? Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) and His Ideas on Evolution In an ancestral population of short-necked giraffes, neck-stretching to browse in trees results in longer necks, which are then inherited by their offspring. Lamarck's ideas were finally discredited with the discovery of genes , which cannot be naturally altered by any effort of an organism during its lifetime.
Organic Evolution: What Does ItMean? The Contributions of Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace In 1859, Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published their views on evolution and proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolutionary change. Fig. 18.2, p. 432
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Organic Evolution: What Does ItMean? Natural Selection - What Is Its Significance? Organisms in all populations possess heritable variations , such as size, speed, agility, color, etc. Some variations are more favorable than others; that is, some variant types have a competitive edge in acquiring resources and/or avoiding predators. Those with favorable variations are more likely to survive to reproductive maturity and pass on their favorable variations.
Organic Evolution: What Does ItMean? Natural Selection - What Is Its Significance? " Survival of the fittest " is misleading or wrong In some cases, the smallest and easiest to conceal survive, whereas the biggest, strongest and fastest do not. Having favorable variations does not guarantee that an individual will live long enough to reproduce. However, in a population of perhaps thousands, those with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
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Question: What is the basis of survival of a Species according to the Natural Selection? A. Survival of the fittest B. Better adaptation technique to a given set of environmental conditions C. only the biggest, strongest and fastest are likely to survive D. only the smallest, weakest and slowest are likely to survive
Mendel and the Birth of Genetics Mendel’s Experiments Gregor Mendel’s breeding experiments with garden peas provided some of the answers regarding how variation is maintained and passed on.
Mendel and the Birth of Genetics Genes and Chromosomes Genes are the hereditary determinants in all organisms. Genetic information is carried in the chromosomes of cells, but only the genes in the chromosomes of sex cells are inheritable. Sperm and eggs form by meiosis . A fertilized egg grows by mitosis .
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Fig. 18.5, p. 457 Mitosis Complete duplication of a cell Meiosis One member of each chromosome pair
The Modern View of Organic Evolution Development of Neo-Darwinism in the 20th Century Genetics was incorporated into the theory of evolution, including the chromosome theory of inheritance and mutations. Lamarck's ideas were discredited; populations rather than individuals evolve Importance of natural selection reaffirmed New ideas continue to develop on speciation , genetic drift , and other issues
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution What Brings About Variation? Chromosomal mutation - affects large segment of a chromosome Point mutation - a change in a gene Mutations are random and may be harmful, beneficialor neutral. Environment may determine whether a mutation is harmful or not. Mutations may result from chemicals, radiation, and extreme temperatures.
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution What Brings About Variation? Mutagens are agents that bring about higher mutation rates, example: chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and extreme temperature. Some mutations are spontaneous and have no known mutagen. Sexual reproduction and mutations account for most variations in populations. Genetic drift , a random change in the genetic makeup of a population due to chance, may also be important.
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Statement: Once a useful mutation can become a harmful one if the environment changes. True False
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Speciation and the Rate of Evolution Species - a population of similar individuals that interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring Speciation - new species arising from an ancestral species; well documented Possible causes of speciation: Allopatric speciation Phyletic gradualism Punctuated equilibrium Liger
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Speciation and the Rate of Evolution Allopatric speciation - When a group is isolated from its parent population, gene flow is restricted or eliminated, and the isolated group is subjected to different selection pressures. Fig. 18.6, p. 459
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Allopatric speciation Sympatric Speciation Speciation occurs because a given group has been separated from the parent group, usually because of geographic separation as time goes by. Speciation occurs even though the two groups are still living in the same area.
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Speciation and the Rate of Evolution Phyletic gradualism - Gradual accumulation of minor changes brings about a new species Punctuated equilibrium - Little or no change in a species occurs during most of its history, but evolution to a new species occurs rapidly, perhaps in only a few thousand years. Punctuated equilibrium is controversial among biologists.
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Phyletic gradualism Punctuated equilibrium
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Speciation and the Rate of Evolution Isolation or partial isolation of a species is often the first step to speciation. Fig. 18.7, p. 460
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Divergent evolution involves an ancestral stock giving rise to diverse species. Fig. 18.8, p. 460
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Elephant Hyrax Sea cow SteppedArt Fig. 18-8, p. 460 Whale Camel Common ancestor Horse Deer
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Convergent evolution is the development of similar characteristics in distantly related organisms. Fig. 18.9 a, p. 461
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Parallel evolution is the development of similar characteristics in closely related organisms. Fig. 18.9b, p. 461
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Common ancestor SteppedArt Fig. 18-9, p. 461 Early camel Camel-like litoptern NorthAmerica Saber-toothed cat SouthAmerica Marsupial carnivore Early rhinoceros Convergence Distantly related ancestors Divergence Kangaroo rat Jerboa Similiar features develop Toxodon
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Question: Different Species from common ancestor can go through ___ A. Convergent Evolution B. Parallel Evolution
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Classification -A Nested Pattern ofSimilarities
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Microevolution and Macroevolution Micro = small, macro = large Microevolution involves changes within a species. Macroevolution encompasses all changes above the species level. Macroevolution is simply the outcome of microevolution over time.
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Microevolution
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Macroevolution
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Mosaic Evolution is a concept of organisms reflecting a long and varied evolution. Recently evolved characteristics, as well as some features of its ancestors. An example is the oldest known bird with its feathers and fused clavicle , characteristics of the oldest bird. However, many features of the bird are more like those of small carnivorous dinosaurs that predated the bird. Fig. 22.28, p. 601
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Evolutionary Trends and Mosaic Evolution Evolutionary trends may occur, such as increasing size and the development of horns in Titanotheres. Fig. 18.12, p. 463
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Evolutionary Trends and Mosaic Evolution Evolution by natural selection is a two-step process, only the first step involves chance. First, variation must be present or arise in an interbreeding population Second, individuals with favorable variations are most likely to survive and reproduce. Fig. 18.12, p. 463
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Statement: Natural Selection is completely a chance. True False
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Cladistics and Cladograms Traditionally, scientists have depicted evolutionary relationships with phylogenetic trees. Cladistics is another way to group organisms biologically, based on their evolutionary novelties (like hair). Fig. 18.10, p. 462
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The Modern View of Organic Evolution Cladistics and Cladograms Scientists are increasingly using cladistic analyses to determine relationships among organisms. A cladogram is a diagram that shows the relationships between a group of related organisms. Fig. 18.10, p. 462
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The Modern View of Evolution Extinctions 99% of all species are now extinct. Background extinctions take place continually. Mass extinctions are times of accelerated extinction rates and losses in Earth’s biologic diversity . Mass extinctions have occurred several times in the Earth’s history and form the basis of the geologic time scale. Likewise, new species are constantly arising, often to fill niches left by extinct species.
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The Modern View of Evolution Extinctions
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Question: What causes Mass extinction? A) Change in sea level B) Volcanic activity C) Climate change D) Any of above reason
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory In science, a theory is not a guess. It is a well-supported and well- tested generalization that explains a set of observations. A prediction is, not necessarily a future event, but rather an outcome that we would expect to be true if the theory is correct. Table 18.1, p. 464
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory The theory of evolution is continuously tested. Evolution is truly scientific because we are allowed to search deeply and find observations and experiments that could either support or falsify it. If the experiment fails, we must modify our theory.
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory Classification -A Nested Pattern ofSimilarities Carolus Linnaeus gave us a classification system for organisms. It consists of a two- part genus/species name based on shared characteristics. Table 18.2, p. 465
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory Classification- A Nested Pattern of Similarities Fig. 18.13, p. 465 Linnaeus' classification gives us information about the biological world, but it does not always reflect evolutionary relationships. Cladograms allow us to group organisms with similar characteristics and better determine evolutionary relationships.
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory Classification- A Nested Pattern of Similarities Vertebrates all have a backbone. Mammals all are warm blooded and have hair or fur and mammary glands. At the genus level organisms share most characteristics but… Only at the species level can they interbreed ! Fig. 18.13, p. 465
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution? Much of the evidence supporting the theory of evolution comes from classification, embryology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and present-day small-scale evolution. Some of the most compelling evidence is found in anatomy. Fig. 18.14, p. 466
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution? Homologous structures: The forelimbs of humans, whales and dogs are superficially dissimilar. Yet they are all made up of the same bones, in the same arrangement.
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SteppedArt Fig. 18-14, p. 466 Whale Bird Reptile Bat Cat Horse Human
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution? Analogous structures do not indicate descent from common ancestors. These structures are similar and may serve the same purpose , but they are not similar in structure and development. Fig. 18.15, p. 466
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution? Vestigal structures are remnants of structures that were fully functional in their ancestors. Examples would be the “dewclaw” in a dog, the “wisdom teeth” in a human, and the pelvis in the whale Fig. 18.16a, p. 467
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Question: Humans, birds, whales and lizards all have similar arm bones. What is the reason for this? A) The function of this bone is similar in all animals B) They live in different environments C) They have a common ancestor D) All organisms resemble humans
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them? Fossils are the remains or traces of ancient organisms preserved in rocks and sediments. Body fossils include shells, bones, teeth and rarely frozen or mummified remains. Trace fossils include burrows and footprints. Fig. 18.17a,c, p. 468
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them? Hard body parts , especially the shells of marine organisms, are far more likely to be preserved as fossils than soft-bodied organisms, such as jellyfish and worms, or large terrestrial vertebrates that lived in areas where rapid burial and preservation were unlikely. Fig. 18.17b, p. 469
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them? The fossil record provides evidence for evolution. It shows a sequence of different groups appearing throughout time, as well as ancestral features. Fig. 18.19, p. 470
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Evidence Supporting EvolutionaryTheory The Evidence – ASummary Evolutionary theory is as well supported by evidence as any major theory. In diverse fields of science, the evidence continues to confirm evolution . Scientists may disagree on: Rates of evolution Significance of some fossils Details of the lineages However , scientists overwhelmingly support evolutionary theory. Today evolutionary theory remains open to modification and is testable!
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End of Chapter 18
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