GEO Test 1

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University of Alabama *

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101

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Geology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Prelude: And Just What is Geology? 1. Page 4: Geology, also called Geoscience or Earth Sciences, is the study of the Earth. a. True b. False 2. See both page 4 and handout: What are some of the questions focused by geologists? a. The formation and composition of our planet b. The causes of earthquakes and ice ages c. The evolution of life d. Protection of water resources e. Exploration of oil and ores d. Environmental remediation f. All of the above 3. Page 4: Geologists address both academic questions and practical problems related to the Earth. a. True b. False 4. See handout: In the following areas, what are the disciplines for Geology? a. Stratigraphy b. Petrology c. Geochemistry d. Hydrogeology e. Seismology f. Geography g. All of the above except f 5. Pages 4-5: Why should we study Geology? a. Geology may be one of the most practical subjects we can learn b. The study of geology gives us a historic context of interpreting our surroundings c. The study of geology puts the accomplishments and consequences of human civilization in a broader context d. When we finish this class, our view of the world may be forever colored by geologic curiosity e. All of the above 6. Page 5: In the following questions, which of them can be related to Geology? a. Do you live in a region threatened by landslides, volcanoes, earthquakes, or floods? b. Are you worried about the price of energy or about whether there will be a war in an oil supplying country? c. Do you ever wonder about where the copper in your home’s wires comes from? d. Have you seen fields of green crops surrounded by desert and wondered where the irrigation water comes from? e. Would you like to buy a dream house on a beach or near a river? f. All of the above 7. See handout and pages 5~6: The major themes of this textbook include the rock cycle, plate tectonics theory, hydrologic cycle, and climate change through geological times. a. True b. False

Chapter 1 1. Page 15: Concepts for the Universe structure: The geocentric model of the Universe placed the Earth at the center of the Universe, while the heliocentric model placed the Sun at the center. So the two concepts are opposite to each other. a. True b. False 2. See handout and Page 19: The Milky Way galaxy contains > 300 billion of stats, and the whole Universe contains > 100 billion of galaxies. a. True b. False 3. Page 19: In the Solar System, which planets are Terrestrial Planets (i.e., with rocky bodies)? a. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars b. Jupiter and Saturn c. Uranus and Neptune 4. Page 21: What is the starting time for the Universe expansion? a. 20.1 billion years ago b. 15.2 billion years ago c. 13.8 billion years ago d. 5.60 billion years ago 5. Please see Handout: What is the universe expanding into? a. A black hole b. If we live in an infinite universe, then the universe expands into nothing c. If the universe is finite, then eventually it should reach a boundary d. A super universe e. Both b and c 6. Page 21: Within minutes of the Big Bang, the first atoms of the Universe developed. What are these “first atoms”? a. Oxygen b. Carbon c. Hydrogen d. Helium e. Both c and d 7. Page 21: The first atoms of the universe (developed at the beginning of the Big Bang) formed vast gas clouds. Such clouds are called __ . a. Supernova b. Protostar c. Nebulae d. Stellar nucleosynthesis e. both c and d 8. Page 25: The mechanism that helps nebulae to collapse into dense balls is __. a. Gravity b. Pressure c. Heat d. Viscosity 9. Page 25: After the nebulae coalesced into a disk, what type of reactions helped the disk to transform to real stars? a. Fusion reactions b. Degradation reactions c. Curing reactions d. Bimolecular reactions 10. Please see handout: 90% of human body is made of stardust, because all the elements except for hydrogen and helium are created during the life cycle of stars. a. True b. False 11. See handout and Page 27: What is the relative age between the Moon and the Earth? a. The Moon is as old as the Earth b. The Moon is approximately 0.013 billion years older than the Earth c. There is no theory or evidence to determine which one is older d. The Moon is approximately 0.013 billion years younger than the Earth

12. Pages 31-35 (better to see the handout): Which of the following components belong to the Earth System? a. Atmosphere b. Hydrosphere c. Biosphere d. Lithosphere e. Interior of Earth f. All of the above 13. Page 30: The Earth has a magnetic field that shields it from __ . a. Meteorites b. Sunspot radiation c. Solar wind d. Cosmic rays e. Both c and d 14. Page 32 (the 12th line): In the Earth’s atmosphere, only 50% of atmospheric gas lies at elevations below 50 km. a. True b. False- 99% of atmospheric gas lies at below 50km 15. Page 32 and Fig. 1.13c: The atmosphere surrounding Earth can be subdivided into 4 layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. a. True b. False 16. See Handout: The surface of the Earth can be divided into land (30%) and ocean (70%). The deepest point on the ocean floor is the Challenger Deep, and the highest point on land is Mt. Everest. a. True b. False 17. Page 34: Most rocks on the Earth contain what type of material? A. Organic chemicals b. Melts c. Quartz d. Silica 18. Page 37: The Earth’s interior can be divided into three distinct layers. Which layer is the densest one? a. Crust b. Mantle c. Core d. They exhibit the similar density 19. See handout and pages 37-38: How does pressure and temperature change with the increase of depth in Earth? a. They both increase with depth in Earth b. They increase with depth in Earth, and then remain stable c. Pressure decreases, and temperature increases with depth in Earth d. Pressure increases, and temperature decreases with depth in Earth 20. Page 38: The rate at which temperature increases as depth increases is called __. a. The geothermal gradient b. The crust constant c. The thermal conductivity d. The heat flux 21. Page 40: Although the mantle is almost solid, mantle rock is so hot that it is soft enough to flow with a speed of __. a. 15 mm/yr b. 15 cm/yr c. 15 ft/yr d. 15 m/yr 22. Page 41: The Earth’s core is made of __. a. Felsic rocks b. Ultramafic rocks c. Solid Iron d. Iron alloy 23. Page 41: The Earth’s core can be divided into the outer and inner components. The outer core is liquid because of the high temperature, while the inner core is solid due to the even greater pressure. a. True b. False

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24. See handout or Page 41: Which mechanism generates Earth’s magnetic field? a. The very thin crust b. The rocky upper mantle c. The circulation of the outer core d. The stable inner core 25. Page 41: The crust and the lower mantle comprise the rigid lithosphere. a. True b. False – the crust and upper part of the mantle create the lithosphere 26. Page 41: The asthenosphere consists of plastic mantle that can flow. a. True b. False Chapter 10 1. Page 349: Geologic Time is the span of time since: a. the formation of the Earth b. the generation of the oldest rock c. the beginning of the universe d. the first time with human record 2. Page 349: The principle of Uniformitarianism assumes that physical processes that operate in the modern world also operated in the past, at quite different rates. a. True b. False- at the same rates 3. Page 350: The age of one geologic feature with respect to another is called: _ . a. Absolute age b. Numerical age c. Relative age d. Geological age 4. Page 350: Numerical age is the age of one geologic feature given in years, which is also called: _. a. Absolute age b. Isotopic age c. Relative age d. Geological age 5. Pages 350-351: To define the relative age of one geologic feature, one can use geologic principles. a. True b. False 6. Page 350: Which of the following principles are geologic principles for defining relative age? a. Principle of Original Horizontality b. Principle of Uniformitarianism c. Principle of Superposition d. Principle of Cross-cutting Relations e. All of the above 7. Page 350: In the principle of original horizontality, what is the mechanism that causes sediment to accumulate in fairly horizontal sheets on a flat plain? a. Viscosity b. Sorption c. Pressure d. Gravity 8. Page 350: Based on the principle of Superposition, we know that, in a sequence of strata, the following relative age is right: a. A layer of sediment should be the same age as its adjacent one b. The youngest bed is on the bottom c. Younger strata above older strata d. Each layer of sediment must be older than the one below 9. Page 350: Based on the principle of Lateral Continuity, layers of rocks can be continuous over broad areas when first deposited, although erosion may later remove part of a layer. a. True b. False 10. Page 350: Based on the principle of Cross-Cutting Relations, which of the following statements are right? a. If one geologic feature cuts across another, the feature that has been cut is younger b. Younger features cut older ones

c. Cross cutting relations do not provide directly the relative age d. If a fault cuts across and displaces layers of sedimentary rock, then the fault must be younger than the layers. e. Both b and d 11. Page 352 and the handout: Based on the principle of Baked Contacts, which of the following statements are right? a. If an igneous intrusion “bakes” surrounding rocks, then the rock that has been baked must be younger than the intrusion b. The intrusion geologic feature is younger than the original rock c. Baked contacts do not provide directly the relative age, because of the later erosion d. When pluton (one igneous rock) was found to bake the adjacent rock, then this pluton is relatively younger e. Both b and d 12. Page 352: A rock containing an inclusion (i.e., fragment of another rock) must be younger than the inclusion. a. True b. False 13. Page 353: What properties about fossil deposition make Fossil Succession one geologic principle for defining relative age? a. Fossil species has a broad range in strata b. Each fossil species has a limited range in a succession of strata, therefore fossil species occur in strata in a predictable order c. Once a fossil species becomes extinct, it never reappears d. The same fossil species may appear at different layers at different times e. Both b and c 14. Page 353: Fossil Succession is a useful geologic principle for defining relative age because ranges of different fossils can never overlap. a. True b. False – ranges of different fossils may overlap 15. Page 354: An interval of nondeposition and/or erosion is called _. a. a local subsidence b. a nonstationary c. an unconformity d. a nonuniformity 16. Page 354: Because of unconformities, the geologic record at any given location is incomplete. In other words, no one locality on Earth can provide a complete record of our planet’s history. a. True b. False 17. Page 354: The gap in the geologic record (that an unconformity represents) is called _. a. a hiatus b. an interface c. erosion d. a missing period 18. Page 354: What kinds of unconformities that geologists have recognized? a. Angular unconformity b. Cross unconformity c. Nonconformity d. Disconformity e. All of the above except b 19. Page 354: If the Angular Unconformity is simplified as three steps: (1) Erosion produces a flat surface; (2) Deposition layers undergoing folding; (3) Sea level rises and new layers of sediment accumulate; then what is the right sequence for these steps? a. (1), (2), (3) b. (3), (2), (1) c. (2), (1), (3) d. (2), (3), (1)

20. Page 354: What is Angular Unconformity? a. The strata below were tiled or folded before the unconformity developed b. Sedimentary rocks overlie basement (typically consisting of igneous and/or metamorphic rocks) c. An unconformity parallel to the two sedimentary sequences it separates d. An unconformity due to cross cutting beds 21. Page 354: If the Nonconformity is simplified as three steps: (1) New sedimentary layers accumulated above the erosion surface; (2) Erosion cuts down into the crystalline rock; (3) A pluton intrudes; then what is the right sequence for these steps? a. (3), (2), (1) b. (1), (2), (3) c. (2), (1), (3) d. (2), (3), (1) 22. Page 354: What is Nonconformity? a. The strata below were tiled or folded before the unconformity developed b. Sedimentary rocks overlie basement (typically consisting of igneous and/or metamorphic rocks) c. An unconformity parallel to the two sedimentary sequences it separates d. An unconformity due to cross cutting beds 23. Page 354: If the Disconformity is simplified as three steps: (1) Layers of sediment accumulate; (2) Sea level drops and an erosion surface forms; (3) Sea level rises and new sedimentary layers accumulate; then what is the right sequence for these steps? a. (3), (2), (1) b. (1), (2), (3) c. (2), (1), (3) d. (2), (3), (1) 24. Page 354: What is Disconformity? a. The strata below were tiled or folded before the unconformity developed b. Sedimentary rocks overlie basement (typically consisting of igneous and/or metamorphic rocks) c. An unconformity parallel to the two sedimentary sequences it separates d. An unconformity due to cross cutting beds 25. Page 356: What are the methods that can correlate the strata at one location and the strata at another? a. Lithologic correlation method b. Fossil correlation method c. Structure correlation method d. Geologic Time correlation method e. Both a and b 26. Page 360: Geologic Column is a composite stratigraphic chart that represents the entirety of the Earth’s history. a. True b. False 27. Page 361: Geologic column is subdivided into time zones. From large internals to small intervals, the names of these time zones are: a. Epoch, Period, Era, Eon b. Eon, Era, Period, Epoch c. Eon, Period, Era, Epoch d. Eon, Epoch, Era, Period 28. Page 366: What do geologists usually use to determine the numerical age of rocks? a. Isotopic dating b. Index fossil c. Level of SiO2 in the rock d. Both a and c 29. Page 369: We can isotopically date a sedimentary rock directly. a. True b. False- no, we must use isotopic dating or examine cross cutting relations 30. Page 369: Tree rings can provide reference for rock ages, where one wood ring represents the

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growth of one year. a. True b. False 31. Page 368 and handout: Seasonal changes (Spring versus Winter) affect rates of the following phenomena, and therefore provide additional information for determining rock age: a. Shell growth (one shell growth ring = one year) b. Snow accumulation (rhythmic layering in a glacial ice) c. Clastic sediment deposition (rhythmic layering in sediments) d. Chemical sediment precipitation e. All of the above 32. Page 371: If we equate the entire Earth history to a single calendar year, then the human history only takes place in the last 30 seconds. a. True b. False Chapter 11 1. Pages 375-376 (and the handout): The time interval for the Hadean Eon is 4.57~3.85 Ga. a. True b. False 2. Pages 375~376: What major events happened in the Hadean Eon? a. The planet was so hot that its surface was a magma ocean b. Underwent intense meteor bombardment c. Internal differentiation d. Formation of Earth’s initial atmosphere e. All of the above 3. Page 376: There is no rock record in the Hadean Eon. a. True b. False 4. Pages 375: When did the Moon form? a. in Hadean Eon b. in Archean Eon c. in Tertiary Period d. in Paleozoic Era 5. Please see the handout (Geological Time Table): Geologists divided the Earth’s history into the following eons: a. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic b. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic c. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian d. Tertiary, Quaternary, Phanerozoic 6. Pages 376-378: In the time interval of Archean, what appeared for the first time? a. The first continent crust b. The first rock c. The first life d. The first reptile e. All of the above except d 7. Page 379: Cratons formed first in Proterozoic and then led to supercontinents. a. True b. False 8. Page 381: In the Proterozoic Eon, the atmosphere began to accumulate significant oxygen. This is called ___. a. the life explosion b. the global oxygen c. the transition event d. the great oxygenation event 9. Page 381: Snowball Earth appeared at the end of Proterozoic. a. True b. False

10. Page 382: The Phanerozoic Eon consists of the following three eras a. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic b. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic c. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian d. Paleogene, Tertiary, Quaternary 11. Page 383: Epicontinental Sea is a deep sea overlying a continent. a. True b. False- it is a shallow seas overlying a continent 12. Page 384: In the early Paleozoic Era, a remarkable diversification of life appeared. This event is called ___. a. Mass extinction b. Cambrian explosion of life c. Jurassic explosion of life d. K-T boundary event 13. Page 385: In the late Paleozoic Era, continents coalesced to form a supercontinent called ___. a. Supercontinent Rodinia b. Supercontinent Pannotia c. Supercontinent Laurentia d. Supercontinent Pangaea 14. Page 389: Dinosaurs reached their peak of success at which period? a. Permian period b. Triassic period c. Jurassic period d. Cretaceous period 15. Page 390: The K-T Boundary Event caused a sudden and extensive mass extinction. What do “K” and “T” in the K -T Boundary Event stand for? a. Cretaceous and Tertiary b. Cambrian and Triassic c. Carboniferous and Triassic d. Paleogene and Tertiary 16. Pages 390~391: The cause for the K-T Boundary Event is most likely due to __. a. collision of an asteroid b. snowball earth c. worldwide flood d. ice age 17. Pages 390~391: It is most likely that the K-T Boundary Event caused the extinction of __. a. jawless fish b. dinosaurs c. the first mammals d. the first eukaryotic cells 18. Page 395 (the 1st line on the right column): The human genus, Homo, appeared and evolved through the __. a. Jurassic b. Hadean c. Proterozoic d. Pleistocene ice age Chapter 2 1. Page 46: Plate “Tectonics”, from the Greek word “Tekton”, means that: __. a. plate movements “build” regional geologic features b. plate tectonics is responsible for most of the features of our planet c. plate boundaries can only construct, but not destroy, geologic features d. both a and b 2. Please see Handout: Earth’s crust (or the Earth’s lithosphere) is broken into how many rigid plates that have various sizes and can move? a. ~ 10 b. ~ 20 c. ~ 50 d. ~ 100 3. Pages 45~46: Who proposed first the Continental Drift Hypothesis? a. Alfred Wagener b. Harry Hess

c. James Hutton d. Charles Darwin 4. Page 45: According the continental drift hypothesis, continents had once been joined together to form a single huge supercontinent called: __. a. Rodinia b. Pannotia c. Pangaea d. Caledonian 5. Page 45 and please also see Handout: Since Pangaea, the continents have drifted to their current location and then stopped drifting. a. True b. False- the continents will continue to drift ~1-15cm/yr 6. Pages 46~49: What is Wegener’s evidence for continental drift? a. The correlation of coastlines and rock assemblages now on the opposite sides of the ocean b. The distribution of late Paleozoic glaciers, climate belts, and fossil species c. Paleo-magnetism d. All of the above e. Both a and b 7. Page 54: Rocks retain a record of the Earth’s magnetic field. This record is called: __. a. paleo-magnetism b. magnetic record c. magnetic paleopole d. magnetic declination 8. Page 54: What is the formation time of the magnetic field recorded by rocks? a. The time of observation b. The time when the original magnetic field of the Earth formed c. The time when the rock was in its original lava form d. The time when the rock formed 9. Page 56: Paleomagnetism provides evidence for continental drift. a. True b. False – due to each continent having a polar wander path 10. Page 56 (and Fig. 2.14): The line that shows the successive positions of paleopoles in the past is called: __. a. paleopole line b. apparent polar-wander path c. polar shift line d. paleopole path 11. Page 50 and Handout: The Mid-Ocean Ridge is a submarine mountain belt that forms along which plate boundary? a. a convergent continental plate boundary b. a convergent oceanic plate boundary c. a divergent oceanic plate boundary d. a stable oceanic plate boundary 12. Please see handout: Who is the discoverer of sea-floor spreading? a. Alfred Wagener b. Harry Hess c. James Hutton d. Charles Darwin

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13. Please see handout: What are the evidences used by Harry Hess to support the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading? a. New rock near the ridge b. Oldest rock near the ridge c. Oldest rock farther away d. Both a and c 14. Page 63 and please see also the Handout: Which of the following properties are right for plate boundaries? a. When a plate moves, its internal area remains relatively rigid and intact b. Rock along plate boundaries can undergoes intense deformation c. Continent forms part of the plate, so that the continent moves with the plate d. All of the above e. Both a and c 15. Pages 61~63: Which of the following statements are right for the location of plate boundaries? a. The earthquake belts may define the position of plate boundaries b. Most volcanoes occur along plate boundaries c. The earthquake belts cannot define the position of plate boundaries, since most earthquakes occur in cratons d. Both b and c e. Both a and b 16. Page 64 (Fig. 2.21): Based on the relative motion of the two plates across the boundary, plate boundaries can be classified to which three types? a. conservative, destructive, and transform boundaries b. divergent, convergent, and slide boundaries c. divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries d. passive, active, and slide boundaries 17. Page 64: Divergent plate boundary is a boundary where: __. a. two plates move apart from each other b. two plates move toward each other (so that one plate sinks beneath the other) c. two plates slide sideways past each other d. two plates collide and then are sutured into a supercontinent 18. Page 67: Convergent plate boundary is a boundary where: __. a. two plates move apart from each other b. two plates move toward each other (so that one plate sinks beneath the other) c. two plates slide sideways past each other d. two plates collide and then are sutured into a supercontinent 19. Page 70: Transform plate boundary is a boundary where: __. a. two plates move apart from each other b. two plates move toward each other (so that one plate sinks beneath the other) c. two plates slide sideways past each other d. two plates collide and then are sutured into a supercontinent

20. Page 64: What representative topography can be found at divergent plate boundaries? a. Ridge/Rift b. Trench c. Continental volcanic arc d. Fracture zones e. Both b and c 21. Page 64: What effect for lithosphere can be found due to divergent plate boundaries? a. New crust, since oceanic lithosphere created b. Oceanic lithosphere destroyed, after one oceanic plate sank into the mantle c. Lithosphere neither created or destroyed d. Continental lithosphere created e. Both a and d 22. Pages 64~65: What type of earthquakes can occur due to the divergent plate boundary? a. Only shallow earthquakes b. Only deep earthquakes c. Both shallow and deep earthquakes d. No earthquakes observed 23. Pages 67-68: What representative topography can be found at convergent plate boundaries? a. Ridge/Rift b. Trench c. Continental volcanic arc d. No major effect, except for fracture zones e. Both b and c 24. Page 68: What type of earthquakes can occur due to the convergent plate boundary? a. Only shallow earthquakes b. Only deep earthquakes c. Only earthquakes within crust d. Both shallow and deep earthquakes 25. Page 68: What effect for lithosphere can be found due to convergent plate boundaries? a. Oceanic lithosphere created b. Oceanic lithosphere destroyed, after one oceanic plate sank into the mantle c. Lithosphere neither created or destroyed d. Continental lithosphere created 26. Page 70: Transform plate boundaries do not lead to volcanism. a. True b. False 27. Page 70 and please see also the Handout: What representative topography can be found near transform plate boundaries? a. Ridge/Rift b. Trench c. Continental volcanic arc d. No major effect, except for fracture zones e. Both b and c 28. Page 70: What effect for lithosphere can be found due to transform plate boundaries? a. Oceanic lithosphere created b. Oceanic lithosphere destroyed c. Lithosphere neither created nor destroyed d. Continental lithosphere created

29. Page 72: The place where three plate boundaries intersect is called: __. a. a triple junction b. a conservative plate boundary c. a joint boundary d. a node 30. Page 71 (Fig. 2.29): The north end of the San Andreas Fault is a triple junction that can be named as: __. a. a ridge-transform-transform triple junction b. a trench-transform-transform triple junction c. a trench-transform-ridge triple junction d. a trench-ridge-transform triple junction 31. Page 72: Places where volcanism occurs at an isolated volcano are called: __. a. extinct volcanos b. volcano acres c. independent volcanos d. hot spots 32. Page 72 (Fig. 2.31), and please see also the Handout: As a plate moves over the hot spot, the volcano moves off and dies, and a new volcano forms over the hot spot. This process generates: __. a. volcano islands b. volcano acres c. independent volcanos d. hot-spot track 33. Page 72, and please see also the Handout: Hot spots are most likely caused by: __. a. mantle plumes b. volatile materials c. transform plate boundaries d. continental-continental collision 34. Page 74, and please see also the Handout: How does a new divergent plate boundary come into existence? a. Most new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents b. Due to the process called “rifting” c. During the process of collision d. All of the above e. Both a and b 35. Page 75, and please see also the Handout: How does an existing convergent boundary eventually cease to exist? a. It dies when a piece of buoyant lithosphere moves into the subduction zone b. Due to the process called “rifting” c. During the process of collision d. All of the above e. Both a and c 36. Page 75 and please see also the Handout: Collisions yield some of the most spectacular mountains on the planet, including: __. a. The Himalayas b. The Alps c. The Appalachian Mountain d. All of the above

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e. Both a and c 37. Pages 75~77, and please see also the Handout: Why do the plates move? a. Convention currents cause the splitting in the Earth’s crust along the mid -ocean ridges b. The new material pushes the old farther away, thus causing the plates to move c. External thermal such as sun radiation motivates a dynamic Earth d. All of the above e. Both a and b 38. Please see the Handout: The rock cycle and plate tectonics are related, because processes controlled by plate tectonics result in the formation of certain rock types in particular areas. a. True b. False 39. Page 81 (see also Fig. 2.38): How fast do plates move on Earth today? a. 1 to 15 inch per year b. 1 to 15 foot per year c. 1 to 15 cm per year d. 1 to 15 meter per year

GEO Test 1

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