HW 1

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Geology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Name: Jack Perkins GEOL 1010 – Section 002 Homework Assignment 1 Due Date: September 2, 2021 11:59PM Part I: What is the Rock Cycle? On the diagram below, complete the rock cycle flow chart using arrows to show how each material/product in the boxes transforms from one to the other. The different processes are listed on page 2. Some processes on pp. 2 are missing definitions which you will be filling in in Part II. In other words, what process turns magma into igneous rock? Think of ALL the processes that can occur. If you can, use a different color for each rock type and process (see pp. 2), draw arrows between the products to represent the processes. Label the arrows with the appropriate process(es) using the text function. Don’t forget the transformations or processes that result in the same product (15 points). 1 Magma Sediment Sedimentary Rock Igneous Rock Metamorphic Rock

Name: Jack Perkins Part II: Definitions: Please fill in the missing definitions. You can fill in the table or use the next page (5 points). Process(es) Textbook pg. What happens? BURIAL (deep) Chapter 6 Rocks are buried by the deposition of younger, overlying rocks, or by plate tectonic processes. Associated with METAMORPHISM. BURIAL (shallow) Chapter6 Rocks are buried by the deposition of younger, overlying rocks. Associated with COMPACTION and CEMENTATION. CEMENTATION Chapter 5 Define: COMPACTION Ch. 5 The deposition of rock layers above puts pressure on deeper sediments, causing the grains to be pushed closer and closer together, and reducing pore space between sedimentary grains. CRYSTALLIZATION Chapter 4 Define: DEPOSITION Glossary Sediments cease moving, and are buried by other sediments. ERUPTION Chapter 4 Magma erupts into the atmosphere or water at Earth’s surface, transforming into solid (igneous) rock. Elements and molecules in the magma combine into distinct mineral crystals. EROSION Chapter 5 Define: EXHUMATION Chapter 6 Solid rocks (formerly buried deep under the Earth’s surface) are brought to the surface by the removal of overlying rocks. MELTING Chapter 4 Define: METAMORPHISM Chapt. 6 Increased heat and/or pressure, associated with DEEP BURIAL and/or contact with hot magma. Rock is NOT melted, but elements and molecules can recombine to form new minerals while the rock remains in a solid state. SUBDUCTION Chapt. 9 Define: WEATHERING Chapt. 5 Breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface into smaller fragments of the same composition and/or chemically altered into different minerals, or elements and molecules (all called sediments). Definitions: Only fill in the table on page 2 or use this page. 2

Name: Jack Perkins Cementation: Sediment being “glued” together via mineralization, typically calcite and quartz from groundwater fluids. Crystallization: The process of liquid rock freezing into solid rock. Because liquid rock is made of many components, the process is complex as different components freeze at different temperatures. Erosion The transport and movement of weathered sediments. Melting: Subduction: A process where an oceanic plate descends bellow a less dense plate, causing the removal of the plate from the surface. Subduction causes the largest earthquakes possible, as the subducting plate can lock as it goes down. Volcanism is also caused as the plate releases volatiles into the mantle, causing melting. 3

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Name: Jack Perkins Part III: A. Layers of the Earth: Please fill in this table about the major chemical layers of the Earth (for chemical layers, only the chemical composition matters, not whether its solid or liquid). Go in order, from the center to the surface or vice versa when completing the table. State one additional fact observation or characteristic about each major layer (9 points). Layer Composition Additional Fact/Observation? 1. Crust Solid rock and Minerals 2. Mantle Solid rock and Minerals and some spots of maga 3. Core Maga B. What are the major physical layers of the Earth (for physical layers, the layers are differentiated by strong or weak, solid or liquid state, density) (3 points)? Inner core, Outer core, Mantle, and Crust 4

Name: Jack Perkins Part IV: General Questions: 1. State two differences between the oceanic crust and the continental crust. Expand, in 1 or 2 sentences) on one of those differences (5 points). The continental is thicker than the oceanic crust, And the Continental crust floats on magma freely but oceanic crust floats on magma scarcely 2. List the geologic eons from youngest to oldest (2). Phanerozoic, Proterozoic, Archean, and Hadeon 3. In what geological era do we live (1)? Meghalayan 5

HW 1

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