Lab 1 Assignment geo

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Coastal Carolina Community College *

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Geology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab #1 Assignment Due Date: 11:59p Sunday, January 28. Use this document to work out the activities/exercises and record your answers for quick reference while taking the ‘Quiz’. Record your answers via the Lab #1 Quiz in Moodle. *Important Note: Don’t wait until the last minute to attempt these lab exercises. If you have questions, email me sooner rather than later. Late submissions will not be accepted unless you have coordinated an extension with me before the due date of January 28. 1

Introduction to Geology The Geologic Time Scale divides the entirety of Earth’s 4.6-billion-year history into Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs. Take a look at Figure 1.6 on page 8 of our textbook. The bottom of the Geologic Time Scale takes us back in time to Earth’s beginnings, while the top represents present day. The numbers that lie on the Period boundaries are in millions of years. As an example, the Permian Period ranged from 298,900,000 years ago (289.9 million years ago) until 252,200,000 years ago (252.2 million years ago). Referring to this same figure, see if you can identify the Eon, Era, Period and Epoch we currently live in. Quiz Question 1 (4 pts) : What is the Eon , Era , Period , and Epoch we currently live in? Eon- longest time unit in the geological time scale, measured in billions of years Era- a subdivision of an eon Period- A subdivision of a geological time that is longer than an epoch, but shorter than an era Epoch- a subdivision of geologic time that is longer than an age but shorter than a period We currently live in Holocene Epoch in the Cenozoic Era Geologists view Earth as a system , and the Earth system as the interplay between open systems or “spheres” in the environment. Using the information from section 1.4 of our textbook as your guide, name the spheres of the Earth system. Quiz Question 2 (4 pts) : The spheres of the Earth system are _____ , _____ , _____ , and _____. Lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere 2

Plate Tectonics / Seafloor Spreading Complete one concept sketch of a plate tectonic boundary from the list given below. Make sure it is neat, legible, and colorful! Color helps to define what you are looking at. Labels must be well written, clear, and detailed. Labels should explain what is happening at all locations in the sketch. Here is an example of a well-done sketch: Types of plate tectonic boundaries: 1. Divergent boundary at a mid-ocean ridge. 2. Divergent boundary when a continent splits apart. ( You would need to show the stages here in a series of sketches. ) 3. Convergent boundary between a continental and an oceanic plate. 4. Convergent boundary between two continental plates. 5. Convergent boundary between two oceanic plates. 6. Transform boundary on a continent. Here's what you will need to do: 1. Read Chapter 2 carefully, paying special attention to the figures of the plate boundaries and the descriptions of what happens at each boundary type. 3

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2. Sketch 1 of the 6 boundaries listed above. Your sketch must be colored appropriately and labeled with full sentences or coherent phrases describing what is happening at the boundary and identifying important features. 3. Photograph your sketch and be ready to upload it as an attachment on the Lab #1 quiz in Moodle. Quiz Question 3 (10 pts) : Upload the photo of your plate boundary sketch. 4

Minerals / Introduction to Rocks For those who are experiencing delays with the arrival of the rock and mineral kit, please refer to this YouTube video ( https://youtu.be/Lu9E5jtqkTw ) which shows close-ups of each sample in the kit. Luster is one physical property used to characterize and help identify minerals. Luster characterizes how well light reflects off an object’s surface and is broadly categorized as either metallic (where the surface reflects light and looks shiny like metal) or nonmetallic. Using the samples in your rock and mineral kit, indicate whether the luster of each of the following mineral samples is metallic (M) or nonmetallic (NM): Quiz Question 4 (1 pt) : Is Gypsum (sample #2) metallic or nonmetallic? Nonmetallic Quiz Question 5 (1 pt) : Is Pyrite (sample #22) metallic or nonmetallic? Metallic Quiz question 6 (1 pt) : Is Olivine (sample #30) metallic or nonmetallic? Nonmetallic Streak color is another physical property used to characterize and help identify minerals. The streak color is the color the mineral leaves behind when crushed against a hard surface. Quiz Question 7 (1 pt) : What is the streak color of Hematite (sample #15)? Reddish Brown Quiz Question 8 (1 pt) : What is the streak color of Sulfur (sample #33)? Pale Yellow Overall color is usually the first physical property you will notice when observing a mineral. For most minerals, the overall color does not vary too much. But for some minerals the overall color is not a physical property that should be relied on solely for identifying that mineral. Quartz is a prime example of the latter. Quartz is composed of the two most abundant elements found in Earth’s crust: silicon and oxygen. While some physical properties of quartz do not vary (hardness, streak color, luster, and density), it naturally occurs in a wide variety of colors. From Activity 3.2 of our lab manual: Look up quartz in the Mineral Database section (Figure 3.22 p.92) to find a list of the varieties (var.) of quartz. Identify each variety of quartz in the four photos on page 98 of the lab manual. ( 4 pts ) Quiz Question 9 (1 pt) : What is the variety of quartz in Figure A3.2.1 on p.98 of the lab manual? Quiz Question 10 (1 pt) : What is the variety of quartz in Figure A3.2.2 on p.98 of the lab manual? Quiz Question 11 (1 pt) : What is the variety of quartz in Figure A3.2.3 on p.98 of the lab manual? Quiz Question 12 (1 pt) : What is the variety of quartz in Figure A3.2.4 on p.98 of the lab manual? 5

Mineral hardness ranges along a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest (this scale is known as the Mohs scale after the mineralogist who came up with it, Friedrich Mohs). The hardness of a mineral relates to its crystal lattice structure (how the elements that make up that mineral are arranged). For example, the minerals graphite and diamond are made entirely of the same element – carbon; but the arrangement of the carbon results in either a mineral that is one of the softest known (graphite) or the hardest known (diamond). We can use various tools to help us determine the hardness value of a mineral. Take a look at Figure 3.14 on page 81 of our lab manual. Let’s look at a couple hypothetical examples: My fingernail is able to scratch the mineral. A normal (not acrylic!) fingernail has a hardness of 2.5 on the Mohs scale. If the fingernail is able to scratch the mineral, then it must be harder than the mineral. Therefore, the mineral must have a hardness less than 2.5 (H <2.5). The mineral is not scratched by my fingernail; it does not leave a scratch mark on a glass plate. The mineral is not scratched by my fingernail, so it must be harder than my fingernail (harder than 2.5). The mineral does not leave a scratch mark on a glass plate, so the mineral must be softer than the glass plate (softer than 5.5). This puts the mineral’s hardness somewhere between 2.5 and 5.5. We can narrow this down further if we use another tool shown in Figure 3.14 – perhaps a brass washer (which has a hardness of 3.5). If the mineral scratches the brass washer, then we know it must be harder than 3.5 – so the resulting hardness range would be greater than 3.5 and less than 5.5, or H = 4 or 5 on the Mohs scale. IF the mineral does not scratch the brass washer, then we know it must be softer than 3.5 – so the resulting hardness range would be greater than 2.5 and less than 3.5, or H = 3 on the Mohs scale. The mineral leaves a scratch mark on a glass plate and leaves a powder residue on a ceramic streak plate. The mineral leaves a scratch mark on a glass plate, so it must be harder than the glass plate (harder than 5.5). The mineral leaves a powder residue on a ceramic streak plate, which means the ceramic streak plate is hard enough that the mineral crushes against it; so the mineral must be softer than the ceramic streak plate (softer than 6.5). Therefore, the mineral’s hardness must be greater than 5.5 but less than 6.5, or H = 6 on the Mohs scale. The brassy, metallic mineral in Figure 3.3A on page 74 and Figure 3.13 on page 81 of our lab manual is the same as sample #22 in your kit. Based on these images, what is this mineral’s hardness on the Mohs scale? 6

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Quiz Question 13 (2 pts) : What is the hardness of the brassy, metallic mineral in Figures 3.3A and 3.13 of the lab manual? (Do not provide a range, only a single digit number). 5 A mineral is ultimately identified by taking multiple physical properties into account such as luster, streak color, and hardness. You know the luster, streak color, and now hardness of the mineral in Figures 3.3A and Figure 3.13. Using the table provided on p.85 of our lab manual, find the name of the mineral in question. Quiz Question 14 (2 pts) : What is the name of the mineral in Figures 3.3A and Figure 3.13? Amphibole Hornblend The Earth system is full of cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the life cycle, and, related to geology, the rock cycle . The rock cycle is a conceptual model of the processes that take place to form the three primary rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Quiz Question 15 (9 pts) : Using Figure 4.13 on p.115 of our lab manual as. your guide, complete the missing information in the rock cycle diagram provided below. 7

A:Sediment F: Melting B:Compaction G:Cooling C:Sedimentary rock H:Igneous Rock D:Heat I:Weathering E:Metamorphic Rock Now that you have some familiarity with the rock cycle, let’s look at processes and rock properties with more specificity. Laboratory 4 of our lab manual and Section 1.7 of our textbook introduces you to the three main groups of rocks: igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . Every rock (on Earth) falls into one of these three categories based on how it formed. Carefully read through these two resources so you understand the fundamental differences between these three rock types. Quiz Question 16 (10 pts) : From Activity 4.5 of your lab manual: Identify which rock type is characterized by each of the processes and rock properties listed in the table. All processes and properties can only be attributed to one rock type. Processes and Rock Properties Igneous Sedimentar y Metamorphic Lithification of sediment yes Intense heating (but not melting) yes Crystals precipitate from water yes Solidification of magma/lava yes Melting of rock yes Compaction of sediment yes Folding of rock yes Crystalline yes Foliated yes Common fossils yes 8

Lab 1 Assignment geo

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