Schneider Case Study 2 CA
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Apr 3, 2024
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Schneider Case Study 2
Caleb Amantia
PAD4391
10/6/23
Determine Implementation Pattern
Characterize governmental response (e.g., success/failure, etc.)
Characterize human behavior (include Schneider's terms for collective behavior, e.g., milling, keynoting, etc.)
Describe major events/characteristics of disaster that led to successes and failures
Andrew: Florida
Hurricane Andrew hit the Florida Coast in the late summer of 1992 and laid waste to the area. For some background it hit as a category 5 hurricane with winds up to 165 MPH like Hugo and Katrina, both of which hit the United States in the last 40 years. The implementation pattern after hurricane Andrew hit Florida was bottom up. This was bottom up due to the response initially at the local level in Broward and
Miami Dade counties of southern Florida. Although initially the state of Florida was slower to respond to
the disaster than could have happened, this was due to the extensive property and residential damage caused by the storm (Schneider, 2015). As a result of the disaster, congress appropriated about 80 billion dollars in aid relief to help limit the damage caused. During the storm however, the main response was from the state level government when Governor Lawton Chiles activated 1/3 of the Florida National Guard to help rebuild, rescue, and clean up damage. This on top of the state of emergency shows the bottom-up method being used as is typical in the United States with the extensive
networks of emergency management we have. The governmental response to Andrew can be characterized as a success, although there was a large death toll in the moment, 44 people, this was due
to the damage and initial hit of the storm. The main indication that the government responded well is the rebuilding of the area as well as the new laws and policies in place to protect the area and people's lives. This $80 billion did not totally help the rebuilding process but it did help to cover people's individual losses as the property damage is estimated to be around $32 billion. The population's human behavior using Schneiders terms can be described using rumors as well as keynoting. Florida has long held this improper idea that we do not need to evacuate, and this comes from an issue of rumors. The media and authorities constantly pump-up storms that might hit instead of are probable to hit, after they do not hit people lose faith in the authority's ability to predict storms. This belief in the rumor is a large reason why many died in the storm. Keynoting was used when looking at the idea to evacuate, the Governor of Florida issues a state of emergency for the storm and the people who keynoted on the idea that the storm would not be as bad were much more likely to have experienced the trauma of the storm. One major event that led to the success in the storm was the activation of the FL National Guard, these well trained and well-organized soldiers were the best possible option for people to help with efforts to rescue and rebuild. By ordering this many lives were able to be saved from the people who did
not heed the warning to evacuate when they should have. One event that led to failures in the effort
was the lack of building codes in Florida to help prepare (Schneider, 2015). Since then, many coastal buildings and houses have hurricane proof windows and better foundations to keep the lifted homes safe in case of a flood.
Andrew: Louisiana
Other than the Florida coast, Hurricane Andrew hit Louisiana the hardest when it made landfall in the summer of 1992. The Government locally in Morgan City Louisiana as well as the state government of Louisiana responded very similar to florida, just on a lesser scale due to where it hit as well as the fact that it was weaker than when it hit Florida (Schneider, 2015). This said a different top-down approach was used to help Louisiana after the storm. With this approach starting even before the storm hit, due to the primary landfall being Florida, thousands of residents from the area were evacuated. The evacuation is the main reason that shows the approach as there was an evacuation order from the governor which extended to the local municipalities. Because of the higher order which helped to prepare the local area this order was top down. The governmental response was a success, due to the primary evacuation order headed by the locals, there were only 8 deaths compared to over 5 times more in Florida. The added response and locals seeing the result in Florida allowed them to prepare their homes and businesses for the storm which caused $1 billion dollars in property damage compared to the $32 billion of Florida. Another reason for this however due to the location, Miami is a massive city
in Florida vs Morgan City which is much lower income and more rural. Schneiders term that describes this storm is keynoting. In this event however, keynoting was a very large positive. People listened to the
proper warnings and watched the proper news and as a result really prepared and then evacuated the area when told to (Schneider, 2015). The main major events of hurricane Andrew in Louisiana were the evacuation order and the landfall. Since the effect was much less here there were fewer major events, The evacuation order from the governor was a major event due to its life saving effect. When the hurricane made landfall, it led to major flooding in the local area. Southeast Louisiana is at or below Sealevel for the most part and is vulnerable to flooding as a result. This flooding is where most property damage came from.
Northridge: Southern California
The Northridge Earthquake shook southern California on January 17
th
, 1994, and is currently the 14
th
largest earthquake in the state's history as well as the most expensive earthquake in its history. Compared to the hurricane, the Northridge earthquake caused far more damage due to the physical destruction of an earthquake compared to a hurricane. As a result of the earthquake, 57 people died and thousands more were injured. The governmental response to the disaster was a success. Due to an earthquake abrupt nature, there is no way to prepare for it other than governmental change and that is what happened. There was a major update to building codes, public awareness, emergency response technologies, and seismic research (Schneider, 2015). The response to the earthquake was both top down and bottom up. FEMA and the California office of emergency services played a large role in the response. They provided funding and expertise to deal with rescue, medical, and relief efforts (Schneider, 2015). One final reason why it was top down was that the governor issued an emergency order as well as activated the California National Guard. It was bottom up because of the effort of local
citizens and organizations to mobilize together to help each other rescue, care for, and rebuild the community. Homeless and displacement shelters were also utilized on a local level to help following the earthquake. Schneider’s term that best describes human behavior during and after the earthquake was milling. Due to the massive destruction of Southern California, thousands of people were displaced. Their behavior can best be described as milling due to the lack of meaning in their lives after losing all their belongings. Many people resulted in crime as there was a level of distrust in law enforcement at this time, specifically in southern California. Within the inner city of Los Angeles crime rates spiked, this can have to do with lack of available law enforcement, people needing items, as well as people taking advantage of the chaos. The damage did get so bad that looting was surprisingly limited following the disaster. Some major events of the earthquake that affected the success and failure were the transportation disruptions. Several major freeways including I10, and State Route 14 were damaged or destroyed which led to rescue and relief efforts to be slower. Following the disaster people also had a much harder time returning to work which slowed the economic rebound. Although California has seen many earthquakes due to its location along the San Andreas fault, they still needed improvements to infrastructure. This was another major event of the earthquake. Powergrid's, Sewage systems, bridges, and more major infrastructure was rebuilt in a more earthquake protecting way. Schneider, S. K. (2015). Dealing with disaster: Public Management in Crisis situations
. Routledge.
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