Understanding Tornadoes: Key Concepts and Quiz Questions

10.20. In Wikipedia, look up "TOtable Tornado Observatory" and answer this question: Which is not true about the TOTO? a. It was designed to be placed directly in the path of a tornado. b. It was never deployed successfully to measure tornadoes (it fell over when close to even a small tornado). c. It was named after the dog in the Wizard of Oz. d. It was designed to release little GPS balls to measure wind speed in a tornado, just like Dorothy in the move Twister. 10.19. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado", read the intro then scroll down to "Ongoing research", and answer this question: True or False: Meteorologists have a fairly good understanding of how and when tornadoes form. True False 10.18. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado", read the intro then scroll down to "Safety", and answer this question: Which is the worst place to seek shelter from a tornado? a. A highway overpass b. Getting low in a ditch c. A basement d. An interior room on the first floor of a house 10.17. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado", read the intro then scroll down to "Radar", and answer this question: What does Doppler radar measure in order to spot evidence of rotation in storms. a. Temperature b. Distance c. Velocity d. Pressure

10.16. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado", read the intro then scroll down to "Intensity and Damage", and answer this question: True or False: According to current records, less than 1% of tornadoes are violent (EF4 or greater). True False 10.15. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado", read the intro then scroll down to "Climatology", and answer this question: When are tornadoes most common? a. Winter b. Spring c. Summer d. Fall 10.14. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado", read the intro then scroll down to "Climatology", and answer this question: Which region experiences the most tornadoes? a. Europe b. Australia c. The United States d. Canada 10.13. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado", read the intro then scroll down to "Tornado rating scale", and answer this question: What is the Fujita (or Enhanced Fujita) scale used to rate the power of tornadoes based on? a. Wind speed b. Damage caused c. Longevity d. Size 10.12. In Wikipedia, look up "Supercell", read the intro then scroll down to "Supercell anatomy", and answer this question: A mesocyclone is a rotating updraft of warm air within a

supercell. Based on the panel of three figures in this section, how does it form? a. By the tilting of a horizontal vortex b. By strong downdrafts from the supercell c. From the Earth's Coriolis force d. From the jet stream 10.11. In Wikipedia, look up "Supercell" and answer this question: Which distinguishes supercells from all other thunderstorms? a. Its size b. Its rotation c. The amount of rainfall d. It produces hail 10.10. In Wikipedia, look up "Tornado" and answer this question: True or False: A violently rotating column of air that is not in contact with the surface of the Earth can still be considered a tornado. True False 10.9. In Wikipedia, look up "Downburst" and answer this question: What is a downburst? a. A sudden increase in rain during a thunderstorm. b. When a wall cloud descends from a supercell. c. A strong ground-level wind that emanates from a source above and blows in straight lines in all directions from the point of contact at ground level. d. The point in time when a tornado first touches the ground. 10.8. In Wikipedia, look up "Hail" and answer this question: Which of the following is not required for hail to be generated? a. Strong, upward motion of air within a thunderstorm

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b. Lowered heights of the freezing level c. The presence of snow d. All the above are required for hail to form 10.7. In Wikipedia, look up "Thunder" and answer this question: What thunder? a. A collision between two thunderstorm clouds. b. A sudden increase in temperature due to lightning produces a rapid expansion of the air that creates a shock wave. c. A strong separation of electric charge that builds up between clouds and the ground. d. A sudden change in pressure due to a strong downdraft. 10.6. In Wikipedia, look up "Lightning", read the intro then scroll down to "Lightning leaders", and answer this question: What are lightning leaders? a. The front part of thunderstorms where lightning occurs. b. Electrical conducting rods that channel lightning strikes away from a house. c. Lightning that occurs between the lower and upper part of thunderstorms. d. Electrically conductive channels of ionized gas that connect regions of opposite charge, creating a path for lightning (flash). 10.5. In Wikipedia, look up "Lightning", read the intro then scroll down to "Electrification", and answer this question: Lightning is an electrostatic discharge between two electrically charged regions that allows electrons in a negatively charged region to flow back to the positive region. How did these regions in thunderstorms get oppositely charged to begin with? a. When small ice crystals collide with hail within clouds. b. When updrafts bring electrons up from the ground.

c. When clouds collide. d. The freezing of water in clouds releases electrons. 10.4. In Wikipedia, look up "Cold front", read the intro then scroll down to "Development of cold fronts", and answer this question: Happens when mass of colder air move into where warmer air is present? a. The drier, colder air forms a shallow sloping boundary under the warmer, moister air at the surface and lifts that air. b. The drier, colder air forms a shallow sloping boundary over the warmer, moister air at the surface and the cold air is lifted. c. The drier, colder air forms a steeply sloping boundary under the warmer, moister air at the surface and lifts that air. d. The drier, colder air forms a steeply sloping boundary over the warmer, moister air at the surface and the cold air is lifted. 10.3. In Wikipedia, look up "Cumulonimbus cloud" and answer this question: Which of the following can be produced by cumulonimbus clouds? a. Lightning b. Tornadoes c. Hailstones d. All the above 10.2. In Wikipedia, look up "Water Cycle", read the intro then scroll down to "Description", and answer this question: What happens to water vapor (which is an invisible gas) as it cools? a. It condenses into tiny drops which are lighter than air b. It expands into tiny droplets which are lighter than air c. It condenses into tiny drops which are heavier than air d. It expands into tiny droplets which are heavier than air

10.1. In Wikipedia, look up "Water Cycle", read the intro then scroll down to "Description", and answer this question: Which of the following describes what happens with increasing altitude? a. Air pressure increases and the temperature rises. b. Air pressure increases and the temperature drops. c. Air pressure decreases and the temperature rises. d. Air pressure decreases and the temperature drops. Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 1. Question 2. Watch the Unit 10 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What happens when warm, moist air rises? a. It expands and gets warmer b. It expands and cools c. It contracts and gets warmer d. It contracts and cools Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 1. Question 3. Watch the Unit 10 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: What happens when a cold air mass moves quickly (cold front) into a warm air mass? a. The warm air mass is slowly driven upwards causing widespread clouds and gentle rain. b. The warm air mass is quickly driven upwards causing strong thunderstorms. c. The warm air mass stops the progress of the cold air mass causing clear skies. d. The cold air mass quickly rises above the warm air mass causing thunderstorms. Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 1. Question 4. Watch the Unit 10 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: At the same temperature, which is lighter (less dense): dry air or moist air? a. Dry air b. Moist air

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c. Dry and moist air have the same density Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 2. Question 5. Watch the Unit 10 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: What causes the strong separation of electric charges that leads to lightning? a. Pressure differences with altitude within a thunderstorm cause an exchange of electrons. b. Falling ice particles strip rising water molecules of their electrons. c. Cold air molecules always contain more electrons than warm air molecules d. The collision of two clouds causes a transfer of electrons Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 2. Question 6. Watch the Unit 10 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: What happens when air is super-heated and rapidly expands? a. Lightning b. Thunder c. Microbursts d. Hail Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 2. Question 7. Watch the Unit 10 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: What happens when thunderstorm updrafts are strong enough to repeatedly circulate ice particles above and below the freezing line? a. Lightning b. Thunder c. Microbursts d. Hail Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 2. Question 8. Watch the Unit 10 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: What happens when cold air drops rapidly within a thunderstorm? a. Lightning b. Thunder c. Microbursts

d. Hail Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 3. Question 9. Watch the Unit 10 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: What does the rotation of a strong horizontal vortex into a vertical orientation form? a. A cumulonimbus cloud b. A supercell c. A tornado d. A microburst Quiz 19: Unit 10. Part 3. Question 10. Watch the Unit 10 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: Which way does the wind blow close to the ground near a tornado a. Toward the tornado b. Away from the tornado Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 4. Question 1. Watch the Unit 10 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Why is warm dry air a necessary component of supercell formation in the U.S. midwest? a. It provides the moisture necessary to form thunderstorms. b. It provides the strong winds needed to form horizontal vortices near the surface. c. It provides the uplift necessary rotate a horizontal vortex. d. It provides the uplift of warm moist air needed to form thunderstorms. Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 4. Question 2. Watch the Unit 10 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Why is it difficult to rate the strength of a tornado that is passing through a field of grass? a. Because it is difficult to measure the wind speeds of a tornado with fixed doppler radar. b. Because the size of a tornado does not always indicate strength c. Because the tornado will not be causing much damage

d. All the above Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 4. Question 3. Watch the Unit 10 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Why do tornado chasers want to measure the wind speed of tornadoes? a. It will tell them how big the observed tornado will grow b. It will help develop predictive numerical models c. Because wind speed is the only way to rate the destructive nature of a tornado d. They all want to record the fastest tornado on record Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 4. Question 4. Watch the Unit 10 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the following statements about tornadoes is not true? a. Most tornado deaths are caused by about 1% of all tornadoes. b. The edges of tornadoes are so sharp that a house with little damage can be next door to a house that is totally destroyed. c. No tornadoes have exceeded 2 miles in diameter. d. Multiple vortices can occur within a single tornado. Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 5. Question 5. Watch the Unit 10 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: When is a tornado watch issued? a. When weather conditions are favorable for tornadoes b. When a tornado has been spotted or indicated by radar c. When a tornado has already caused deaths d. When a tornado season begins in an area Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 5. Question 6. Watch the Unit 10 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: If you're in a

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car and a tornado is approaching, which is not a good action to take to try and protect yourself? a. Try and drive away from it b. Get out of your car and lie down in a ditch c. Get out of your car and seek shelter under an overpass d. All the above are good actions to take Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 5. Question 7. Watch the Unit 10 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Which is the best place to seek shelter from a tornado? a. A strong frame structure b. A strong outbuilding c. A concrete structure d. A brick structure Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 5. Question 8. Watch the Unit 10 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What is the most dangerous aspect of a tornado? a. High winds b. Flying objects c. Large hail d. Sudden pressure changes Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 5. Question 9. Watch the Unit 10 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the following can a tornado not do? a. Pick up a car b. Pick up a truck trailer c. Lift a house up in the air and set it down at a distant location somewhat intact d. Pick up fish Quiz 20: Unit 10. Part 5. Question 10. Watch the Unit 10 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Can a tornado pick up a shark? a. Yes, of course

b. No, its impossible c. It is theoretically possible, but has probably never happened 11.20. In Wikipedia, look up "Hurricane Sandy" and answer this question: Which of the following is true about the Hurricane Sandy? a. It was the strongest tropical cyclone (highest wind speeds) on record. b. It was the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded. c. It was the largest (by diameter) Atlantic hurricane on record. d. It was the costliest hurricane on record 11.19. In Wikipedia, look up "Hurricane Patricia" and answer this question: Which of the following is true about the Hurricane Patricia? a. It was the strongest tropical cyclone (highest wind speeds) on record. b. It was the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded. c. It was the largest (by diameter) Atlantic hurricane on record. d. It was the costliest hurricane on record 11.18. In Wikipedia, look up "1970 Bhola cyclone" and answer this question: Which of the following is true about the 1970 Bhola cyclone? a. It was the strongest tropical cyclone (highest wind speeds) on record. b. It was the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded. c. It was the largest (by diameter) Atlantic hurricane on record. d. It was the costliest hurricane on record 11.17. In Wikipedia, look up "Rescue swimmer", read the intro then scroll down to "U.S. Coast Guard" and answer this question: Which of the following is not true about U.S. Coast Guard rescue swimmers?

a. Arguably the most widely recognized team of rescue- swimmer operators. b. They are trained to handle rescues in high seas, medical evacuations, downed aviators, sinking vessels, and hurricanes. c. The training school has one of the highest attrition rates of any military school with about 80% of candidates washing out. d. All the above are true. 11.16. In Wikipedia, look up "Rogue wave" and answer this question: Which of the following is not true about rogue wave? a. They are waves whose height is more than twice the average height other waves in the area. b. They are similar to tsunamis. c. The cause of rogue waves is still a matter of active research. d. All the above are true about rogue waves 11.15. In Wikipedia, look up "Storm surge" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a storm surge? a. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level. b. The main meteorological factor contributing to a storm surge is high-speed wind pushing water towards the coast. c. The severity of storm surges is affected by the timing of the tides. d. All the above are characteristics of a storm surge. 11.14. In Wikipedia, look up "Nor'easter", read the intro then scroll down to "Difference from tropical cyclones", and answer this question: What is meant by a cold-core low pressure system? a. They thrive on purely cold temperatures b. They thrive on purely warm temperatures c. They thrive on drastic changes in temperature of Canadian

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air and warm Atlantic waters. 11.13. In Wikipedia, look up "Nor'easter" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a nor-easter? a. It is another type of tropical cyclone that occurs in the warm waters of the southern Atlantic. b. The name derives from the direction of the winds that blow from the northeast. c. Nor'easters can be accompanied by snow. d. All the above are characteristics of a nor'easter. 11.12. In Wikipedia, look up "Saffir-Simpson scale" and answer this question: What observation is the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale based on? a. The maximum wind gusts b. The intensity of the sustained winds c. The diameter of the storm d. The damage caused by the storm 11.11. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone", read the intro then scroll down to "Eye and center", and answer this question: Where are the greatest wind speeds found in a cyclone? a. The eye b. The eyewall c. In the rain bands d. In the outflow cirrus shield 11.10. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone", read the intro then scroll down to "Eye and center", and answer this question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the eye or center of a tropical cyclone? a. In the center of a cyclone the air rises due to low pressure b. The weather in a cyclone eye is clear (no clouds) c. The wind in a cyclone eye is calm (no strong winds) d. All the above are characteristics of the eye or center of a tropical cyclone

11.9. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone" and answer this question: True or False: Tropical cyclones commonly form right on the equator. True False 11.8. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone" and answer this question: True or False: In the northern hemisphere cyclones always spin counterclockwise, while in the southern hemisphere cyclones always spin clockwise. True False 11.7. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone", read the intro then scroll down to "Formation", and answer this question: When do tropical cyclones tend to develop? a. Winter b. Spring c. Summer d. Fall 11.6. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone" and answer this question: Where do tropical cyclones get (derive) their energy? a. From the Coriolis force b. From evaporation of water from the ocean surface c. From the trade winds d. From hot air currents 11.5. In Wikipedia, look up "Low-pressure area" and answer this question: Which of the following is commonly associated with inclement weather as opposed to light winds and fair skies a. Low-pressure area b. High-pressure area 11.4. In Wikipedia, look up "Saffir-Simpson scale" and answer this question: Which is the correct order of intensity with regards to wind speed (from lowest to highest)?

a. Tropical storm, Tropical depression, Category 1 hurricane, Category 5 hurricane b. Tropical depression, Tropical storm, Category 5 hurricane, Category 1 hurricane c. Tropical depression, Tropical storm, Category 1 hurricane, Category 5 hurricane d. Category 5 hurricane, Category 1 hurricane, Tropical storm, Tropical depression 11.3. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone" and answer this question: What is the difference between a typhoon, a hurricane, and a cyclone? a. The physical size b. Their wind strength c. Their location d. There is no difference 11.2. In Wikipedia, look up "Tropical cyclone" and answer this question: What is meant by the word tropical? a. The fact that they are atmospheric in nature (as opposed to oceanic). b. It is an historic term coined by ancient mariners to describe what they ran into whenever the ventured into the tropics. c. It means humid or steamy since such storms carry so much water vapor. d. The geographical origin of these systems. 11.1. In Wikipedia, look up "Longline fishing" and answer this question: How many hand-baited hooks might be placed on a single series of connected lines? a. 100 b. 500 c. 1000 d. Over 2500 Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 4. Question 1. Watch the Unit 11 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Where do nor'easters get their energy from? a. The warm waters of the tropics

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b. From a cold front c. From the jet stream d. From the Coriolis force Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 4. Question 2. Watch the Unit 11 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Which is a difference between a hurricane and a nor'easter? a. The locations where they form b. Their source of energy c. The time of year in which they occur d. All the above Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 5. Question 3. Watch the Unit 11 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: In association with cyclones, what is a storm surge? a. When wind speeds pick up as they come on shore b. When cyclone winds increase when they pass over hot waters c. When winds blow seawater onto the shore, causing flooding d. When a cyclone grows on the Saffir-Simpson Intensity Scale Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 5. Question 4. Watch the Unit 11 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: If a hurricane comes ashore on the east coast of the U.S., to which side of the hurricane center will the main storm surge occur? a. The north side b. The south side c. Both the north and south side d. The west side (i.e., the side where the storm is coming ashore) Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 5. Question 5. Watch the Unit 11 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: True or False:

Storm surges general cause more fatalities than flooding due to rain and strong winds combined. True False Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 5. Question 6. Watch the Unit 11 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What was significant about the Draupner wave measured at an oil platform in the North Sea in 1995? a . It confirmed the existence of rogue waves b. It was the first hurricane driven wave to exceed 100 feet c. It showed the nor'easters could generate waves as tall as those caused by hurricanes d. It sank the oil tanker Pendleton Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 5. Question 7. Watch the Unit 11 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the following is not thought to be a possible cause of rogue waves? a. The merging of waves traveling at different speeds. b. Big waves colliding with strong ocean currents. c. Cyclone spawned tornadoes touching in the sea. d. All the above are thought to be possible causes. Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 6. Question 8. Watch the Unit 11 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: What of the following is true regarding Coast Guard Aviation Survival Technician/Rescue Swimmer school (A-school)? a. Prospective rescue swimmers train for 6-months just to be considered b. Only 75 are invited each year to attend. c. Less than 50% graduate d. All the above are true Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 6. Question 9. Watch the Unit 11 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: Which cyclone killed 500,000 people?

a. The 1991 Perfect Storm b. Typhoon Haiyan (2013) c. The Bhola Cyclone (1970) d. Hurricane Katrina (2005) Quiz 22: Unit 11. Part 6. Question 10. Watch the Unit 11 Part 6 lecture video and answer the following question: What is the most powerful (measured by sustained wind speed) cyclone to cross land? a. The 1991 Perfect Storm b. Typhoon Haiyan (2013) c. The Bhola Cyclone (1970) d. Hurricane Katrina (2005) 12.20. In Wikipedia, look up "Carbon footprint" and answer this question: A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, organization, service, place, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent. Thus, reducing your carbon footprint is a way to fight global warming. Who popularized this concept with a $250 million advertising campaign? a. The United Nations b. The organization Scientists Without Borders c. Greenpeace d. The oil and gas company BP (British Petroleum) 12.19. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change", read the intro then scroll down to "Reducing and recapturing emissions" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a means to mitigate climate change? a. Enhance sinks that absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. b. Increase the use of renewable energy c. Replace trees with farmland

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d. Increase energy efficiency 12.18. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change", read the intro then scroll down to "Reducing and recapturing emissions" and look at the figure regarding scenarios of global greenhouse gas emissions. What conclusion can one draw from looking at this figure? a. If gas emissions drop to zero by the year 2100, global temperatures will still rise from between 1.5-2 degrees C relative to pre-industrial age temperatures. b. If all countries stick to their Paris Agreement pledges, global temperatures will still rise 2.5 degrees C or more by the year 2100 relative to pre-industrial age temperatures. c. If no climate policies are put into practice, global temperatures will rise more than 4 degrees C by the year 2100 relative to pre-industrial age temperatures. d. All the above 12.17. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a way in which people are currently being affected by climate change? a. Water scarcity b. Economic losses c. Human migration d. All the above are effects of higher global temperatures on people 12.16. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change" and answer this question: Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, what is the objective with regards to global warming? a. To keep global warming under a 1 °C increase from pre- industrial age temperatures. b. To keep global warming under 2 °C increase from pre- industrial age temperatures. c. To keep global warming under 3 °C increase from pre-

industrial age temperatures. d. To keep global warming under 4 °C increase from pre- industrial age temperatures 12.15. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change", read the intro then scroll down to "Scientific consensus" and answer this question: What percent of the most recent scientific studies conclude that global warming is mainly caused by human activities? a. 50% b. 75% c. 90% d. >99% 12.14. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change" and answer this question: Which of the following is not a consequence of higher temperatures? a. More wildfires b. More intense storms c. More extinctions d. All the above are consequences of higher temperatures 12.13. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change", find the figure with the caption that read "Change in average surface air temperature since the industrial revolution, plus drivers for that change." (second down from top). This figure shows how well a numerical model of atmospheric and oceanic processes can match the observed change in global temperatures (black line) over the past 170 years. Model results that only consider natural drivers (e.g., volcanic eruptions, decay of dead organisms) are shown as the green line, while models that also consider human drivers (e.g., burning of fossil fuels) are shown as the red line. What conclusion can one draw from looking at this figure? a. The main driver for recent increased global temperatures

is human activity. b. Natural forces add relatively minor temperature variability. c. Observed global surface temperatures have already climbed 1 deg C since the pre-industrial era. d. All the above 12.12. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate model", and answer this question: Quantitative climate models take account incoming energy from the sun as short-wave electromagnetic radiation and outgoing long wave infrared electromagnetic radiation to determine how these two quantities balance. What is the direct consequence of an imbalance between these two quantities? a. A change in humidity b. A change in temperature c. A change in atmospheric pressure d. All the above 12.11. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change", find the figure with the caption "CO2 concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black)" (third down from top). What conclusion can one draw from looking at this figure? a. Current CO2 concentrations are about half what they were in any pre-industrial times. b. Current CO2 concentrations are about the same as what they were in any pre-industrial times. c. Current CO2 concentrations are almost double what they were in any pre-industrial times. 12.10. In Wikipedia, look up "Ice core" and answer this question: Which of the following is not true about ice cores? a. Ice cores can contain ice that is as much as 800,000 years old. b. Ice cores can provide information about ancient temperatures. c. Ice cores can provide information about past concentrations of carbon dioxide.

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d. All the above statements are true 12.9. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change" and answer this question: Which of the following has contributed to the current rise of temperatures? a. The emission of greenhouse gases. b. Loss of sunlight-reflecting snow cover. c. The release of carbon dioxide from drought-stricken forests. d. All the above 12.8. In Wikipedia, look up "Albedo", and answer this question: What is albedo? a. A suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in the air. b. A type of greenhouse gas that traps heat. c. A measure of the capacity of a surface to reflect light. d. An atmospheric gas that does not trap heat. 12.7. In Wikipedia, look up "Aerosol", and answer this question: What is an aerosol? a. A suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in the air. b. A type of greenhouse gas that traps heat. c. A measure of the capacity of a surface to reflect light. d. An atmospheric gas that does not trap heat. 12.6. In Wikipedia, look up "Greenhouse gas", and answer this question: True or False: Though greenhouses gases currently have a negative connotation because of their effect on global warming, they are nevertheless critical to supporting life on this planet. True False

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12.5. In Wikipedia, look up "Greenhouse gas", and answer this question: A greenhouse gas absorbs radiant energy within which part of the light spectrum? a. ultraviolet b. visible c. infrared d. microwave 12.4. In Wikipedia, look up "Milankovitch cycles", and answer this question: What are Milankovitch cycles? a. Variations in natural greenhouse gas emissions as a function of season. b. Changes in Earth's orbital parameters over time that effect climate. c. Ocean currents driven by temperature and salinity differences. d. Atmospheric cycles that influence droughts and monsoons. 12.3. In Wikipedia, look up "Thermohaline circulation" and answer this question: What is thermohaline circulation? a. Atmospheric currents that bring warm air from the tropics to high latitudes. b. Ocean currents driven by density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. c. The transfer of energy between atmospheric and ocean currents. d. The process by which heat emitted from the surface is absorbed and reemitted by greenhouse gases. 12.2. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change" and answer this question: About how much has the average temperature climbed due to global warming? a. 0.5 °C b. 1.2 °C

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c. 2.6 °C d. 4.1 °C 12.1. In Wikipedia, look up "Climate change" and answer this question: Which of the following statement is true? a. The Earth has never been hotter in the past than it is today. b. Prior to recent times, the Earth's temperature has remained fairly constant. c. The current change in temperature is more rapid than at any known time in Earth's history. d. All the above Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 3. Question 10. Watch the Unit 12 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: The average amount of CO2 in the atmosphere over the past 800 million years is about 225 ppm (parts per million). What is the current level of CO2 in the atmosphere? a. 250 ppm b. 300 ppm c. 350 ppm d. more than 400 ppm Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 3. Question 9. Watch the Unit 12 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the following is a correct characterization of the relationship between temperature and CO2? a. When temperatures rise, the concentration of CO2 rises. b. When temperatures rise, the concentration of CO2 falls. c. When temperatures fall, the concentration of CO2 rises. Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 3. Question 8. Watch the Unit 12 Part 3 lecture video and answer the following question: Why are ice cores never taken from ice shelves? a. Because ice shelves move around so that you cannot be sure where the snow was deposited. b. Because the ice is contaminated by the seawater underneath.

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c. Because the ice is too thin and does not go back very far in time. d. Actually, most ice cores are taken from ice shelves. Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 2. Question 7. Watch the Unit 12 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: If you remove all the glaciers on Earth, what will happen to global temperatures? a. Temperatures will increase b. Temperatures will decrease c. Temperatures will be unaffected Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 2. Question 6. Watch the Unit 12 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: How do aerosols cause global cooling? a. By making the surface more reflective b. By blocking sunlight c. By interfering with greenhouse gases d. By releasing longwave radiation Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 2. Question 5. Watch the Unit 12 Part 2 lecture video and fill in the blanks: Which of the following statements about how the greenhouse effect works in our atmosphere is not true. a. Visible light is converted into infrared light. b. Longwave radiation is converted into shortwave radiation. c. Only some of the longwave radiation is trapped by our atmosphere. d. Our atmosphere is transparent to shortwave radiation. Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 2. Question 4. Watch the Unit 12 Part 2 lecture video and answer the following question: Why does the Earth's temperature peak every 100,000 years or so? a. Because of changes in the eccentricity of its orbit b. Because of periodic volcanic activity

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c. Because of the breakup of supercontinents d. Because changes in the energy output of the Sun Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 1. Question 3. Watch the Unit 12 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: Why does western Europe have a warmer climate then Canada? a. Because Canada is further north in latitude b. Because Canada has more landmass c. Because of the thermohaline current d. Because Europa receives warm air currents from Africa Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 1. Question 2. Watch the Unit 12 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: Which statement about global warming is correct. a. The Earth has not been warmer in the past than it is right now. b. The rate of temperature rise is greater than it has ever been in the Earth's past. c. Global temperatures have steadily risen since the year 1880. d. All the above Quiz 23: Unit 12. Part 1. Question 1. Watch the Unit 12 Part 1 lecture video and answer the following question: Where are temperatures rising the greatest relative to the past century? a. High northern latitudes b. Around the equator c. High southern latitudes d. Temperature increases are fairly uniform around the globe Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 4. Question 1. Watch the Unit 12 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: Which of the

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following is a statement involving weather rather than climate? a. This region rarely gets much rain, which is why it is a desert. b. This past week has been unusually hot. c. Winters here are generally dry and warm around here. d. The rain forest is humid almost year-round. Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 4. Question 2. Watch the Unit 12 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: What does it mean to have an extremely hot day? a. Temperatures are more than 100°F b. Temperatures are more than 110°F c. Temperatures are more then 10°F above the season average d. Temperatures are more then 20°F above the season average Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 4. Question 3. Watch the Unit 12 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: What is a climate tipping point? a. When global temperatures rise higher than anytime in Earth's history. b. When a change in ocean currents causes air temperatures to decrease despite global warming. c. When the climate change is so severe that it causes mass starvation. d. A critical threshold that, when crossed, leads to large and often irreversible changes in the climate system. Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 4. Question 4. Watch the Unit 12 Part 4 lecture video and answer the following question: How much has arctic summer ice been reduced in the past 40 years? a. 30%

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b. 50% c. 70% d. 90% Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 5. Question 5. Watch the Unit 12 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What percentage of peer-reviewed scientific papers about the causes of global warming conclude that humans are the cause? a. 50% b. 75% c. 90% d. ≥ 99% Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 5. Question 6. Watch the Unit 12 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What is confirmation bias? a. When observed data contradicts numerical models b. When it is impossible to verify the cause of an observed process c. The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs. d. When an observation cannot be confirmed by more observations Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 5. Question 7. Watch the Unit 12 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: What is the inevitable outcome of climate change? a. War b. Extinction of 90% of all species on Earth c. Loss of 90% of all farmlands d. All the above

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Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 5. Question 8. Watch the Unit 12 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Which region of the United States is being hit hardest by climate change in terms billion-dollar disasters? a. The northeast b. The southeast c. The northwest d. The southwest Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 5. Question 9. Watch the Unit 12 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: If the entire planet stopped using fossil fuels today and all greenhouse gas emissions ceased, how long would it take for global temperature to drop back to 1950s levels? a. 10 years b. 50 years c. 100 years d. 1000 years Quiz 24: Unit 12. Part 5. Question 10. Watch the Unit 12 Part 5 lecture video and answer the following question: Who came up with the idea of reducing your carbon footprint as a means of fighting climate change. a. Greenpeace b. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) c. Earth Institute Center for Environmental Research and Conservation d. British Petroleum

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