Understanding Heat Stress: Causes, Effects, and Drought Impacts

 Question 1 2 out of 2 points Heat stress is a condition that occurs when the human body cannot cool itself sufficiently. Heat exhaustion is manifested by extreme sweating, weakness, muscle cramps, a fast pulse, and breathing difficulty. Heat exhaustion begins when the body core temperature reaches Selected Answer: a. 102.2 °F. Answers: a. 102.2 °F. b. 104.5 °F. c. 101.1 °F. d. 103.3 °F. e. 100.1 °F.  Question 2 0 out of 2 points Referring to the figure below, wildfires spread in all directions from the point of ignition, but spread at the fastest rate in which direction?

Selected Answer: a. upwind from the ignition point Answers: a. upwind from the ignition point

b. None of these; wildfires spread fastest in the direction where the highest amount of fuel is available. c. lateral from the ignition point d. All of these are possible, depending on local conditions. e. downwind from the ignition point  Question 3 2 out of 2 points The Santa Ana winds in southern California, the Diablo winds in northern California, and the Chinook winds along the front range of the Rocky Mountains are wind patterns involving Selected Answer: b. intense downslope wind flow. Answers: a. all of these b. intense downslope wind flow. c. intense lateral wind flow. d. intense upslope wind flow. e. none of these  Question 4 2 out of 2 points Heat-related illness, and death occurred with much greater frequency in the United States prior to the early 20 th century, but are much less common today as a result of Selected Answer: b. air conditioning. Answers: a. advanced medical treatments that are able to reverse the effects of heat stress quickly. b. air conditioning. c.

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cooling of the climate. d. recognition of the signs of heat stress and taking immediate action.  Question 5 2 out of 2 points The factors largely controlling the distribution climate zones in a region largely relate to Selected Answer: a. latitude, elevation, and proximity to oceans. Answers: a. latitude, elevation, and proximity to oceans. b. mean annual precipitation, longitude, and proximity to oceans. c. longitude, latitude, and elevation. d. none of these e. all of these  Question 6 0 out of 2 points How do drought conditions affect heat waves? Selected Answer: a. all of these Answers: a. all of these b. Drought conditions are accompanied by low relative humidity; dry air cannot absorb heat as readily as moist air. c. The lack of precipitation during a drought means there is little cloud cover, promoting radiative cooling to the clear atmosphere and diminishing the effects of heat waves. d. Dry vegetation and dry soils absorb heat more readily than if they were moist. The absorbed heat radiates back to the atmosphere, exacerbating the effects of the heat. wave. e. none of these

 Question 7 2 out of 2 points The figures below represent the Palmer Drought Severity Index for the United States. The PDSI is based on Selected Answer: b. the moisture deficiency at a point in time relative to average local moisture conditions. Answers: a. all of these b. the moisture deficiency at a point in time relative to average local moisture conditions. c. none of these d. the relative humidity at a point in time compared to average local humidity. e. the soil moisture at a point in time compared to average local soil moisture values.  Question 8 2 out of 2 points How long do droughts typically persist?

Selected Answer: b. All of these are possible. Answers: a. weeks b. All of these are possible. c. years d. months e. days  Question 9 2 out of 2 points In an effort to reduce the risk of wildfire, some communities have Selected Answer: d. all of these Answers: a. none of these b. established goat herds to feed on underbrush. c. established permanently maintained fire breaks. d. all of these e. intentionally set fires to consume fuels.  Question 10 2 out of 2 points The same factors that lead to drought in southern Asia and Africa also affect monsoonal climates in other parts of the world such as Selected Answer: e. Australia. Answers: a. none of these

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b. western Europe. c. southwestern North America. d. northern Asia. e. Australia.  Question 11 2 out of 2 points Why does the definition of a heat wave vary geographically and seasonally? Selected Answer: a. None of these; heat waves are defined by deviations above normal temperatures only. Answers: a. None of these; heat waves are defined by deviations above normal temperatures only. b. In regions where cool temperatures are normal, heat waves are only recognized when temperatures vary above normal temperatures by 20 °F. c. In regions where moderate temperatures are normal, heat waves are only recognized when temperatures vary above normal temperatures by 15 °F. d. all of these e. In regions where high temperatures are normal, heat waves are only recognized when temperatures vary above normal temperatures by 10 °F.  Question 12 2 out of 2 points Mediterranean climates are characterized by Selected Answer: c. dry summer and wet winter conditions, although wet seasons are less intense than monsoonal climates. Answers: a. dry fall and wet spring conditions, although wet seasons are less intense than monsoonal climates.

b. wet spring and dry fall conditions, although wet seasons are less intense than monsoonal climates. c. dry summer and wet winter conditions, although wet seasons are less intense than monsoonal climates. d. dry winter and wet summer conditions, although wet seasons are less intense than monsoonal climates.  Question 13 2 out of 2 points Wildfires occur globally, but not everywhere. They are common in Selected Answer: d. monsoonal and Mediterranean climate zones. Answers: a. temperate climate zones. b. arid climate zones. c. tropical climate zones. d. monsoonal and Mediterranean climate zones. e. alpine climate zones.  Question 14 2 out of 2 points The western portion of the United States experiences alternating periods of wet and dry years; the major control is Selected Answer: a. the orientation of the jet stream in the atmosphere. Answers: a. the orientation of the jet stream in the atmosphere. b. the number of mid-latitude cyclones that occur over a period. c. all of these

d. none of these e. the number of Pacific-origin storms that blow ashore.  Question 15 2 out of 2 points Referring to the figure below, why does the urban heat island effect exist? Selected Answer: a. all of these Answers: a. all of these b. There are fewer trees and grassy areas in urban regions that can absorb heat; soil moisture evaporates to decrease temperatures. c.

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Extensive coverage by buildings composed of concrete and bricks and roads made of concrete and asphalt absorb solar radiation during the day and radiate the energy as heat during the night. d. none of these e. Urban areas have extensive coverage by impervious surfaces that cannot absorb water that would otherwise absorb heat and evaporate.  Question 16 0 out of 2 points The primary focus of wildland firefighters is to Selected Answer: e. all of these Answers: a. extinguish actively burning fires. b. evacuate those in danger. c. remove fuel abundance, reduce fuel temperature, and reduce oxygen supplies ahead of advancing fires. d. none of these e. all of these  Question 17 2 out of 2 points Winds promote the spread of wildfire by Selected Answer: e. all of these Answers: a. transporting firebrands downwind, igniting spot fires. b. supplying oxygen-rich air to replenish oxygen consumed during combustion. c. none of these d. tilting flames over the top of unburned areas, heating the fuels beneath.

e. all of these  Question 18 2 out of 2 points Megadroughts are droughts that Selected Answer: d. persist over periods in excess of twenty years. Answers: a. form as a result of exceptionally low amounts of precipitation compared to regular drought conditions. b. persist over a period of up to two years. c. occur over large areas. d. persist over periods in excess of twenty years.  Question 19 2 out of 2 points One important factor used to define the climate type in a region is related to Selected Answer: d. the dominant type of vegetation present. Answers: a. mean annual precipitation. b. mean annual temperature. c. elevation. d. the dominant type of vegetation present.  Question 20 2 out of 2 points Are individuals likely to face increasing risks from wildfires in the future? Selected Answer: b. Yes; climate change resulting in higher atmospheric temperatures is a significant contributor to the possibility of wildfires occurring.

Answers: a. No; wildland fire suppression techniques are very sophisticated, so wildfire poses little danger in modern times. b. Yes; climate change resulting in higher atmospheric temperatures is a significant contributor to the possibility of wildfires occurring. c. No; modern construction techniques and materials make buildings virtually fireproof. d. No; zoning laws and regulations prevent development in areas where wildfires may occur. e. No, modern scientific forest management practices have eliminated most of the risk from wildfire.  Question 21 2 out of 2 points Referring to the figure below, what is the Standardized Precipitation-Evaporation Index based on?

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Selected Answer: b. the amount of water lost from the ground and plants versus the amount of water supplied by precipitation Answers: a. none of these b. the amount of water lost from the ground and plants versus the amount of water supplied by precipitation c. the amount of surface water lost to evaporation versus the amount of water supplied by precipitation d.

all of these e. the amount of ground moisture lost to evaporation versus the amount of water supplied by precipitation  Question 22 2 out of 2 points How do downslope winds affect heat waves? Selected Answer: a. Downflowing winds result in compression of the air mass. Compression results in significant heating of the air mass, exacerbating the effects of a heat wave. Answers: a. Downflowing winds result in compression of the air mass. Compression results in significant heating of the air mass, exacerbating the effects of a heat wave. b. Air masses at high elevation are cooler than surface winds; downflowing winds cool the near surface atmosphere, mitigating the effects of heat waves. c. Downflowing winds tend to condense moisture into clouds; while precipitation may not occur, cloud cover prevents some solar radiation from reaching the surface, mitigating the effects of a heat wave. d. Downflowing winds tend to condense any moisture present into clouds, promoting precipitation that will cool the atmosphere, thus mitigating the effects of a heat wave.  Question 23 2 out of 2 points Natural causes of wildfire include Selected Answer: a. all of these Answers: a. all of these b. lightning strikes. c. lava and pyroclastic flows. d. spontaneous combustion. e. meteorite impacts.

 Question 24 2 out of 2 points One of the many factors that determine whether a person will develop a heat-related illness has to do with their physical condition and level of activity. Physical condition directly relates to Selected Answer: d. the ability to radiate heat once a person becomes overheated, which is related to the surface area of the body compared to the volume of the body. Answers: a. overall health; those individuals with underlying health problems are more likely to suffer heat-related illness. b. none of these c. an individual’s heat tolerance. d. the ability to radiate heat once a person becomes overheated, which is related to the surface area of the body compared to the volume of the body. e. all of these  Question 25 2 out of 2 points A positive feedback loop promoting drought is related to heat. Hot dry weather promotes the development of drought conditions because Selected Answer: b. the ground dries from evaporation; plants die, reducing transpiration rates; humidity levels drop; and radiative heating of the atmosphere from the ground promotes higher temperatures. Answers: a. none of these b. the ground dries from evaporation; plants die, reducing transpiration rates; humidity levels drop; and radiative heating of the atmosphere from the ground promotes higher temperatures. c. the atmosphere is heated by solar radiation. d. all of these e. when the atmosphere is heated, it is not able to hold as much moisture compared to

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times when the atmosphere is cold.

GLY Chapter 14 Test

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