2-Key concepts in regional geography

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Oct 30, 2023

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GEOG 3RW3 REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF A SELECTED WORLD REGION Topic: EAST ASIA Instructor: Elnaz Abotalebi Office Location: BSB 342 Email: hajaboe@mcmaster.ca
Learning objectives • Regions in geography • The environment and human activity – Climate – Deforestation – Climate change – Tectonic plates • Demography • Urbanization • Development
Regions in geography • A region is a basic unit of study in geography — a unit of space characterized by a feature such as a common government, language, political situation, or landform. • Geographers use the regional unit to map features of particular interest, and data can be compared between regions to help understand trends, identify patterns, or assist in explaining a particular phenomenon.
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Regions in geography • Regions can be defined by similarities in physical features , human activities , traditions, or cultural attributes. • Physical features include climate, plants, landforms, animals, etc. • Human features include culture, religion, language, etc.
Regions in geography • We conceptualize regions so we can: – organize phenomena spatially – Understand patterns and make generalizations based on the spatial organization of phenomena – This spatial organization is based on unique characteristics – What can be organized this way? • People • Places • Things/Activities • Ideas
Regions in geography • How do we conceptualize regions? – Special or unique criteria identify regions – These criteria can be: • Spatial (a particular location on the earth’s surface) – Boundaries that delimit spaces • Physical – Climate, Vegetation • Cultural: – Like Language, or Religion, or Cultural Practices • Economic: – Like Agriculture, Industry
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Regionalization • The process through which distinctive areas come into being. • Although globalization breaks down boundaries and make places similar, parts of the world retain their uniqueness and new regions emerge. • Regionalization describes how, when and why new regions emerge. • It is the process of making new global connection that allows or causes regions to change.
Worlds within Worlds • Regionalization is necessary in order to differentiate people, places, events so that we can study them better. • Regions are transitive – they are subject to change over time, because borders are renegotiated, political systems or regimes rise and fall, migratory patterns, language diffusion and religious dissemination can all change the “nature” or “character” of a place
Climate • Climate can be defined as a long-term average weather pattern evident in a particular region of the world. • Weather is a term usually used to define conditions on a short-term or even daily basis. • The two main elements in climate conditions are temperature and precipitation .
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Climate types • the various climate types have been broken down into six basic types: • Type A: Tropical or equatorial climates • Type B: Dry or arid climates • Type C: Moderate or temperate climates • Type D: Cold or continental climates • Type E: Polar or extreme climates • Type H: (Unclassified) highland climates
Climate types • The humid tropical type A climate, usually found in the tropics, has warm temperatures year round with a high level of precipitation, typically in the form of rain. • The dry type B climate is exemplified by the earth’s desert regions. Temperatures can be extreme, with little precipitation. • type C climates often described as moderate in temperature and precipitation, and are the most favorable to human habitation in that they host the largest human population densities on the planet.
Climate types • Type D climate regions are often found in the interiors of continents away from the moderating influence of large bodies of water. They are often farther north than type C regions, resulting in colder winters. • Type E is an extreme climate type found in the polar regions near or to the north of the Arctic Circle and near or to the south of the Antarctic Circle. • Type H highland climates are usually listed as a subcategory of type E climates. Mountain ranges can create a variety of climate types because of the change in elevation from the base of the range to the summit. Different climate types can be found on the same mountain at different elevations.
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Basic Climate Regions Based on the Köppen - Geiger Classification System
Deforestation • The planet’s growing population has increased demands on natural resources, including forest products. Humans have been using trees for firewood, building homes, and making tools for millennia. • Trees are a renewable resource, but deforestation occurs when they are removed faster than they can be replenished.
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Negative effects of deforestation • Loss of species : Seventy percent of the world’s plants and animals live in forests and are losing their habitats to deforestation, according to National Geographic. • Soil erosion : Tree roots anchor the soil. Without trees, the soil is free to wash or blow away, which can lead to vegetation growth problems. • Water cycle : Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb rain fall and produce water vapor that is released into the atmosphere. • Life quality : Soil erosion can also lead to silt entering the lakes, streams and other water sources. This can decrease local water quality and contribute to poor health in populations in the area.
Climate change • Climate change has been a constant activity in the planet’s evolution. The increase in temperature in our environment is the activity that has gained the most attention in recent years. • Climate change is a phenomenon whereby gases such as carbon dioxide and methane increase in the planet atmosphere, which can result in warmer temperatures on Earth. Trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which may reduce climate change. • Deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels can contribute to climate change.
Tectonic plates • The movement of tectonic plates is another aspect of the earth’s dynamics that affects human activity. • The plates that cover the earth’s surface slowly shift and move. • Movement or shift where two plates meet can cause earthquakes and is usually associated with volcanic activity. • The main driver of geologic system • Areas of plate convergence give rise to massive volcanos that have created island chains, such as the island of Japan .
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Tectonic plates – Himalayas • Mountain chains, such as the Himalayas, are a direct result of two plates colliding. The collision pushes up the earth into a mountain chain, either by direct pressure or by volcanic activity.
Demography • Demography is the study of how human populations change over time and space. It is a branch of human geography related to population geography, which is the examination of the spatial distribution of human populations. • Geographers study how populations grow and migrate, how people are distributed around the world, and how these distributions change over time.
• The three largest population clusters in the world are the regions of eastern China, south Asia, and Europe.
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• Earth’s human population is growing at the rate of about 1.4 percent per year. If the current growth rate continues, the human population will double in about fifty years to more than twelve billion • As population increases, the number of languages continues to decrease — an example of the impact of globalization.
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Demographic transition
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• Social dynamics and geography will determine where the new additions to the human family will live. Providing food, energy, and materials for these additional humans will tax many countries of the world, and poverty, malnutrition, and disease are expected to increase in regions with poor sanitation, limited clean water, and lack of economic resources.
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Demographic statistics • A country’s demographic statistics can be illustrated graphically by a population pyramid . • Four basic shapes indicate the general trends in population growth: 1. Rapidly expanding 2. Expanding 3. Stationary 4. Contracting
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Urbanization • As countries move from an agricultural to an industrial economy , there is a major shift in population from rural to urban settings. • The Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century ushered in major technological developments and changes in labor practices, which encouraged migration from the farm to the city. Because of increased mechanization, fewer farm workers are needed to produce larger agricultural yields. At the same time, factories in urban areas have a great need for industrial workers. • This shift continued into the information age of the late twentieth century and continues in many parts of the developing world in the current century.
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Culture/Ethnicity • Ethnicity: indicates traits people are born with, including genetic backgrounds, physical features, or birthplaces. People have little choice in matters of ethnicity. • Culture: indicates what people learn after they are born, including language, religion, and customs or traditions. Individuals can change matters of culture by individual choice after they are born. • These two terms help us identify human patterns and understand a country’s driving forces.
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Language Language is the communication mode of human culture, and it represents the complete diversity of thought, literature, and the arts.
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Religion • Religious geography is the study of the distribution of religions and their relationship to their place of origin. • Religious geographers recognize three main types of religions: universal (or universalizing), ethnic (or cultural), and tribal (or traditional) religions. • Universal religions include Christianity, Islam, and various forms of Buddhism. These religions attempt to gain worldwide acceptance and appeal to all types of people, and they actively look for new members, or converts. • Ethnic religions appeal to a single ethnic group or culture. These religions do not actively seek out converts. Broader ethnic religions include Judaism, Shintoism, Hinduism, and Chinese religions that embrace Confucianism and Taoism. • T raditional religions involve the belief in some form of supernatural power that people can appeal to for help, including ancestor worship and the belief in spirits that live in various aspects of nature, such as trees, mountaintops, and streams (this is often called animism ).
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Development • The Industrial Revolution, which prompted the shift in population from rural to urban, also encouraged market economies, which have evolved into modern consumer societies.
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World systems theory According to Wallerstein (an American sociologist), the globalization process has evolved into a lasting division of the world into: • Core - Industrialized, market-oriented countries – Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia. • Semi-periphery - Partially industrialized ex-colonial nations (both exploited and exploiter) — China, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, etc. • Periphery - Poor, ex-colonial nations – Kenya, Laos, Pakistan, etc.
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Measuring economic development • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): an estimate of total value of all materials, goods and services produced by a country in a particular year. • Gross National Income (GNI): is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country. • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): it measures how much of a common “market basket” of goods and services each currency can purchase locally. • GNI PPP: this number represents the total value of goods and services a person could buy locally with his/her income.
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Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: life expectancy, being knowledgeable and having a decent standard of living
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Class Activity Compare and contrast globalization and regionalization and explain the relationship between the two.
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Summary • Regions are the basic units of geographic study. • World geography divides the world into sets of regions that are used as comparison studies regarding human and physical landscapes and activities. • Climate regions or zones are helpful in understanding the earth’s environmental conditions. • The relationship between the environment and human activity is an important component of geography. • All these concepts, models, and theories are tools used to understand the human activities that are elements of the globalization process.
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Sources • Knox, P. L., & Marston, S. A. (2001). Places and regions in global context: human geography . Prentice Hall. • World Regional Geography; adopted from http:// www.saylor.org/books • The World Bank, 2014. • Weightman, B. A. (2011). Dragons and tigers: a geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia. John Wiley and Sons.
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