GEO102 F21 Final Exam Study Guide (1)

○ ● Tropic of Cancer ○ is the parallel at 23.5 degrees north of the equator, which is the most northerly place on Earth, receiving direct sunlight during the Northern Hemisphere’s summer. ● Tropic of Capricorn ○ is the parallel at 23.5 degrees south of the equator and is the most southerly location on Earth, receiving direct sunlight during the Southern Hemisphere’s summer ○ Regions ● What is a “region” in geography? ○ is a basic unit of study in geography—a unit of space characterized by a feature such as a common government, language, political situation, or landform ● Physical regions ○ Formal boundaries has a governmental, administrative, or political boundary and can have political as well as geographic boundaries that are

Demography ● What is “Demography”? ○ is the study of how human populations change over time and space ● High birth and death rates; preindustrial ○ High birth and death rates maintain a high fertility rate/family size and a low population-growth status ● Drivers of urbanizatio n ○ Movement of people from rural areas to cities ○ Megacities = metropolitan areas with >10 million people ○ Urbanized population in the world has increased from 33 percent in 1960 to 56 percent in 2020 ○ shift occurs when people move from rural agricultural areas to the cities for employment or in search of a better life and is an example of a migration pattern based on people seeking greater opportunities or advantages. ○ Economic growth, outgrowing agriculture as economy to more education standpoint ● Effects of urbanization on average family size ○ Meanwhile, birth rates—and family size—have also been declining in most developing countries as people leave agricultural professions and move to urban areas. ○ Fewer families worked in agriculture, more families lived in urban areas, and women delayed the age of marriage to pursue education, resulting in a decline in family size and a slowing of population grow ○ A basic principle of population growth that addresses this rural-to- urban shift states that as countries industrialize and urbanize, family size typically decreases and incomes traditionally increase. ○ ● Rate of natural increase (RNI) ○ The birth rate minus the death rate, expressed as a percentage ● Total fertility rate (TFR) ○ The average number of children a woman would have throughout her childbearing years (ages 15-49) ○ TFR 2.1 maintains a stable population ● Demographic transition model (DTM) 1. High birth and death rates; rural preindustrial 2. Declining death rate; developing country 3. Declining birth rate; high urbanization rate 4. Low birth and death rates; stabilizing population 5. Declining population; urban post-industrial society ● Population pyramid: how does it help to explain future population change

○ Ethnicity is traits that people are born with, such as genetic backgrounds, physical features, and birthplaces. In contrast, culture is what people learn after they are born, such as language and religion. ● What are the elements of culture? ○ Elements of culture include language, religion, customs, and traditions. ● Ethnic cleansing ○ Ethnic cleansing is the forced removal of a group of people, by a stronger group of people ● Major language families of the world ○ Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Afro- Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Altaic, Austro-Asiatic, Japonic ● Creole languages ○ Creole is a combination of two languages with features of both. They develop in colonial settings. For example, in Haiti, French Creole is spoken by locals, while French is spoken in more professional settings ● Main types of religion: ○ universalizing; ■ Religions that attempt to gain worldwide acceptance, and appeal to all types of people, trying to gain new converts ○ ethnic or cultural; ■ Religions that appeal to a single culture and do not seek to gain new converts. ○ tribal or traditional ■ Religions that involve the belief of a sort of supernatural power, such as nature ● How does globalization affect local cultures? ○ Because globalization is based on technological advancements it can lead to an increase in use of technology within a local community ● Syncretism ○ The attempt to merge different ideas, cultures, religions, etc North America ● Diversity of Pre-Columbian Indigenous Societies ○ Native Americans? ● Atlantic Triangular Trade Network ○ functioned as a transportation conveyor, moving goods and people around the regions bordering the Atlantic Ocean ○ Colonial merchant ships financed by Europe’s wealthy elite brought goods and trinkets to the African coast to trade for slaves, who were shipped to the Americas and the Caribbean to diminish the labor shortage for the

crops ○ A slave revolt that began in 1792 finally defeated the French forces, and Haiti became an independent country in 1804. It was the first country ever to be ruled by former slaves. ○ The United States occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934 in an attempt to instill a US presence and bring some sense of stability ○ Haiti is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere, and many Haitians live in dire poverty with few employment opportunities ○ Haiti is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere, and many Haitians live in dire poverty with few employment opportunities ○ ■ Jamaica ● Jamaica was settled by the Spanish early in the sixteenth century. ● Jamaica gradually obtained independence from Britain, with full independence achieved in 1962. ● The Blue Mountains of eastern Jamaica are known for their Blue Mountain coffee production ● When England seized the island from Spain in 1655, it established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. ■ Puerto Rico ● Populated for centuries by Amerindian peoples, the island of Puerto Rico was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493, following Columbus’s second voyage to the Americas ● Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self- government. ● Puerto Rico is the smallest of the four islands of the Greater Antilles ● As US citizens, Puerto Ricans have no travel or employment restrictions anywhere in the United States ● The commonwealth arrangement allows Puerto Ricans to be US citizens without paying federal income taxes, but they cannot vote in US presidential elections. The Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act governs the island and awards it

● Apartheid ○ A policy of segregation, which split South Africans into black, white, and colored (mixed black and white) ● Nelson Mandela ○ Elected president of South Africa in 1994, was the first African president. He helped make a multiracial society and repealed the policy of apartheid. Northern Africa and Southwest Asia ● The Sahel / African Transition Zone ○ Area where the dry arid climate of the desert north meets up with the more moist climate of the tropics ● Maghreb ○ The Maghreb, “Isle of the West”, is a region extending from Morocco to Libya containing the Atlas Mountains. It is a region of more-than-usual rainfall. It is known as the Isle of the West since all the countries in the region have former ties to Europe. ● Culture Hearth ○ The Fertile Crescent ● Salinization ○ An area in Mesopotamia with irrigation systems, control of water, and agriculture ● Guest workers and remittances ○ Remittance is the transfer of money a foreign worker earns to the family back home. ○ Guest Workers is legal immigrant who has work visa , usually short term. refugees. people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country. ■ The rapidly expanding economy opened up jobs ■ Local population cannot meet the demands ● Women are not (yet) in the workforce ● Relatively low level of education / brain drain results in small pool of skilled workers ● Low-paying service jobs are not attractive ● Attracts international guest workers ● Skilled expatriates ○ From Europe and North America ● Low-paying jobs (construction, domestic work) ○ within the region from Palestine, Egypt, Yemen ○ globally from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Indonesia, ● Culture clashes are common ● Guest workers are highly differentiated, coming from

■ Shorter time to maturity allows more cropping seasons per year ■ Significant increase of production, allowing farmers to sell the surplus for profits ■ Agricultural production kept up with population growth ■ Punjab area became the breadbasket of South Asia ■ Between 1961-1985 India more than doubled its wheat production ■ From chronic food deficiency to food self sufficiency ○ Cons ■ Constant use of agrochemicals leads to pest and weed resistance, soil salinization ■ Reduced diversity in the variety of agricultural crops ■ High-yielding crops require vast amounts of water and agro- chemicals ■ Requires cash input that marginalize resource-poor farmers ■ Growing high-yielding varieties assumes a higher risk of production failure ■ Small farmers become more vulnerable to indebtedness ● Which countries are involved in the territorial dispute in Kashmir? ○ Pakistan, India, and China ● What are the social impacts of the summer monsoons? ○ During summer monsoons, heavy rainfall can cause flooding . Powerful floodwaters can drown victims and damage buildings, leaving people without homes and vulnerable to the elements. During the 2014 summer monsoon in Pakistan and India, nearly 300 people lost their lives during landslides and home collapses. ● Gross National Happiness index ○ which is used as a guide to determine the impact of a project on the culture and people of Bhutan. The stern measures regarding development have protected the country from serious environmental degradation and have helped to sustain the lifestyles of the Bhutanese people. ● What are the major religions of different South Asian countries ○ Nepal ■ Hinduism is the main religion in Nepal, but a blend of Buddhism is more prevalent in the north. ○ Bhutan ■ Buddhism is the state religion and is followed by about 75 percent of the population. Hinduism is the second-largest religion and is followed by the other 25 percent of the population. ○ Kashmir ■ About 75 percent of the population in Kashmir was Muslim; the rest, including the maharajah, were mainly Hindu

center of a continent away from water bodies and experience more extremes in temperature due to drier air. Water helps regulate air temperature and can absorb temperature changes better than land. In the winter, areas away from water can be very cold, while in the summer, temperatures are quite hot and there is little precipitation. The third key driver of climate in Russia is its altitudinal position. As you increase in elevation, temperatures decrease. You might have experienced this when hiking in mountains or flying on an aircraft and feeling the cold window. Russia’s Ural Mountains, for example, are clearly visible on a map of its biomes as the alpine tundra region owing to its high altitude. ● Caucasus mountains ○ Connects Caspian Sea and Black Sea ● Ural mountains ○ Boundary between Europe and Asia ● Declining birth rates in Russia. What triggered the reduction in birth rates? ○ Russia's population declined due to low fertility rates induced by economic uncertainty after the fall of the Soviet Union ● How is Russia’s population distributed geographically? How has this population distribution changed over time? ○ Its population, however, is comparatively small witharound 143 million people, the majority of whom live south of the 60 degree latitude line and in the western portions of Russia near Moscow and Saint Petersburg. ○ A quick look at a population distribution map reveals an interesting pattern: Three-quarters of all Russians live on one-quarter of the landmass . This populated land is west of the Urals, in the European part of the country. ○ ● Major environmental problems: ○ Nuclear waste ○ Deforestation ○ Industrial pollution ● Nuclear contamination sites: ○ Northern Test Site at Novaya Zemlya ○ the Barents Sea nuclear dump sites ○ Southern Test Site at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ○ Chernobyl in Ukraine ● What is the “Iron Curtain”? ○ It separates the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact

● How can Russia benefit from climate change? How is Russia negatively affected by it? ○ Potential benefits ■ The northward shift of cultivation ■ Less costly extraction of fossil fuels/minerals ○ Potential hazards ■ Increased wildfire risk ■ The Arctic and subarctic ecosystem changes ■ Rising sea levels ■ Thawing of Siberian permafrost - carbon logging practices in boreal forests ● Glasnost ○ increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union (USSR). ● Perestroika ○ in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning. Europe ● What is the general distribution of languages and religions in Europe? ○ Germanic Language Group (Found mainly in Northern Europe): English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, Faroese, Frysian ○ Romance Language Group (Latin based; found mainly in Southern Europe): French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Walloon, Romansch, Catalan, Provencal ○ Slavic Language Group (Found mainly in Eastern Europe): Polish, Russian, Czech, Ukrainian, Slovak, Slovene, Belarussian, Serbo-Croatian, Lusatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian ○ Europe is historically a Christian realm. The 3 main branches are Roman Catholic (found mostly in Southern Europe), Protestant (found mostly in Northern Europe), and Eastern Orthodox (found mostly in Eastern Europe). ● The European Union (EU): what is the main objective of the EU? ○ The European Union (EU) is a union created between 27 nations in Europe. Its main objective is to strengthen economic and political

relationships between European nations. ● What is NATO? What is its main objective? ○ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in 1949 to protect nations of Europe from the threat of the Soviet Union. Its main objective is to ensure the security and protection of its members. ● How does the Atlantic Current or Gulf Stream affect Europe? ○ The Gulf Stream creates a type C (moderate or temperate) climate for most of Western Europe. It helps support agriculture in Scotland and moderates the temperatures in the British Isles. ● What were the characteristics of the Industrial Revolution? How was Europe’s development related to colonialism? ○ The Industrial Revolution introduced the change from coal to energy, steam engine to power, smelting iron, etc. This helped Europe become more urban. ● The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ○ The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) helped serve a sense of peace and stability for Central Europe which had been dominated by the Holy Roman Empire. ● Social movements for political devolution ○ Devolution is the process of a nation demanding independence from a central government. Yugoslavia has been split up into seven nation-states. Current examples of devolution include Scotland and Wales seeking independence from the United Kingdom, and the Basque region between Spain and France demanding to become their own sovereign state. ● What was the Treaty of Versailles? How did it impact Germany? ○ The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1918 following the defeat of the Central Powers by the Allies in World War I. This resulted in the birth of the German Republic. This impacted Germany by creating an environment of poverty and government instability. This ultimately led to the rise of Adolf Hitler, kicking off World War II. ● What is a “nation”? What is a “nation-state”? ○ A nation is a homogeneous group of people who share a common heritage, language, religion, or political ambition. A nation state follows these factors of a nation under a common government. ● What were key factors in the breakup of Yugoslavia? ○ Yugoslavia was split up into seven smaller nation states. ● Centripetal forces ○ Centripetal forces are forces that pull a nation together. These include ethnic unity and tolerance, social/economic equity, just and fair legal system, charismatic leadership, religious acceptance, nationalism, common heritage, common language, etc.

● Centrifugal forces ○ Centrifugal forces are forces that pull a nation apart. These include ethnic conflict, social injustice, poverty, dictatorial leadership, religious intolerance, nationalism, loss of rights, etc. East Asia ● China’s economic development, the environmental impacts of rapid industrialization, and government responses to the environmental problems. ○ In the past two decades, China has shifted its economy from a closed system with a centrally planned, government-controlled market to one with more open trade and a flexible production structure. These economic reforms have allowed capitalistic tendencies to drive production, have promoted increased involvement in private enterprise, and have increased international investment in the Chinese economy. China has phased out collective farms and has increased agricultural production; the approach to free enterprise and international trade and investment has become more open; and the Chinese economy has grown at a rapid rate. Open trade and interaction with the global community have allowed China to catch up with the rest of the world in terms of information and communication technology, and computer and Internet use in China has opened up many sectors to new opportunities and employment possibilities. China’s policy of creating special economic zones (SEZs) has increased urban and economic growth in coastal cities, fueling the strong rural-to-urban shift in the population. ○ The exploitation of resources and the heavy utilization of the environment have resulted in serious soil erosion and air pollution. The water table in many parts of China has decreased because of heavy demands on the nation’s water supply. Arable land is being lost to erosion and inadequate land-use practices. Rural areas have not received consideration or resources equal to the coastal cities, so conditions remain poor for most rural people. Half of China’s population earns the equivalent of a few dollars per day, while a fortunate few earn high salaries. Unemployment is at an elevated level for tens of millions of migrants who shift from location to location, looking for work. There is also an unfortunate degree of corruption within the government and state-run offices. ○ China is an authoritarian state that does not allow labor unions, free speech, freedom of religion, or freedom of the press. There has been more openness in China’s economic reforms and in travel, but other strict rules of the state remain. There is no minimum wage law for factory workers, who work long hours and do not receive benefits or sick leave. There are fewer safety requirements or government regulations for security. China is trying to have the best of both worlds: the efficiency of an authoritarian government and an efficient market-driven capitalist

economy. Sustaining the largest standing army in the world, China is geared to become a global superpower. The next great world conflict could be a cultural war between the United States and China that would involve economic, political, and human issues. To work together, the United States and China would be well served to increase their understanding of each other. ● What causes the Yellow River to be “yellow”? Why is it called the “China’s Sorrow”? ○ It is called the Yellow River because its waters carry silt , which give the river its yellow-brown color, and when the river overflows, it leaves a yellow residue behind. ○ Its floods have killed millions of people ● How are rivers crucial to China’s historical geographical patterns of development? ○ These major rivers were a great source of fresh water, food, fertile soil, and transportation . They also were the subjects of Chinese poetry, art, literature, and folklore. The Yellow River is often called the "cradle of Chinese civilization". ... The rich yellow colored soil was good for growing a grain called millet. ● “Asian Tigers” ○ South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore ○ High growth economies ● What geographic process explains the dry climate of China’s interior? ○ monsoons ● What were the positive and negative effects of the Three Gorges Dam? ○ Positives ■ Produces large percentage of electricity for central china ■ Flood control ■ Cruise ships navigation ○ Negatives ■ By 2008, the number of people forced to relocate from the flooding of the reservoir had reached 1.24 million. Historic villages and hundreds of archaeological sites were flooded. Thousands of farmers had to be relocated to places with less productive soils. Compensation to the farmers for relocation was forfeited because of corruption and fraud. Sadly, much of the scenic beauty of the river basin is now under water. ■ Animal species like the critically endangered Siberian Cranes, who had wintered in the former wetlands of the river, had to find habitat elsewhere. The endangered Yangtze River Dolphin has been doomed to extinction because of the dam and the amplified river

activity. The dam restricts the flushing of water pollution and creates a massive potential for landslides along its banks, exacerbating the potential for the silting in of the reservoir and the clogging of the dam’s turbines. The dam also sits on a fault zone and there is concern that the massive weight of the water in the reservoir could trigger earthquakes that may destroy the dam, with catastrophic consequences. Large development projects tend to have an enormous impact on the people and the environment that inhabit their shadow. ○ Migration problem ● Which countries established colonies in China? ○ Britain, France, Spain, Holland and Portugal ● Planned economy vs. market economy ○ Planned ■ he government controls all aspects of the economy, including what goods and products should be produced, how much of each should be produced, how products will be sold or distributed and for what (if any) price, who should have jobs and what jobs they should have, how much people will be paid, and all other decisions related to the economy. In a planned economy, businesses are nationalized; that is, businesses are owned by the government rather than by any private entity. ○ Market ■ businesses are privately owned, and most decisions are driven by consumer and investor behavior. ● What is the political status of Taiwan? ○ democracy ● Why is English widely spoken in Hong Kong despite Cantonese being the official language? ○ Britain’s influence and because of world trade relationships. ● Special Economic Zones (SEZ): What impacts did these have? ○ is an area in a country that is subject to different economic regulations than other regions within the same country ○ SEZs have contributed 22% of China's GDP, 45% of total national foreign direct investment, and 60% of exports. SEZs are estimated to have created over 30 million jobs, increased the income of participating farmers by 30%, and accelerated industrialization, agricultural modernization, and urbanization. ● Who are Uyghurs? What are some current issues facing Uyghurs in China? ○ The Uyghurs are recognized as native to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwest China. They are one of China's 55 officially recognized ethnic minorities. The Uyghurs are recognized by the

Chinese government as a regional minority and the titular people of Xinjiang. ○ Some eight hundred thousand to two million Uyghurs and other Muslims, including ethnic Kazakhs and Uzbeks, have been detained since April 2017, according to experts and government officials [PDF]. Outside of the camps, the eleven million Uyghurs living in Xinjiang have continued to suffer from a decades-long crackdown by Chinese authorities. ● What are the three key imperatives of China’s geopolitical strategy? ○ China must secure a buffer zone in the periphery, which includes the regions along China’s borders. ○ The country needs to continue to maintain unity within the Han Chinese majority that anchors the core region of China Proper. ○ China’s geopolitical strategy is to protect and secure its vulnerable coastal region. ● The Great Leap Forward ○ people were divided into communes, and peasant armies were to work the land while citizens were asked to donate their pots and pans to produce scrap metal and increase the country’s industrial output. The goal was to improve production and increase efficiency. The opposite occurred, and millions of Chinese died of starvation during this era. ● The Cultural Revolution ○ wreaked havoc on four thousand years of Chinese traditional culture in a purge of elitism and a drive toward total loyalty to the Communist Party. Armies of indoctrinated students were released into the countryside and the cities to report anyone opposing the party line. Schools were closed, universities were attacked, and intellectuals were killed. Anyone suspected of subversion might be tortured into signing a confession. Violence, anarchy, and economic disaster followed this onslaught of anti-Democratic terror. Estimates vary, but most sources indicate that about thirty million people lost their lives during the Mao Zedong era through purges, starvation, and conflict. ● Renewable energy in China: How does China rank in renewable energy generation? ○ Leads in production of renewable energy ● What accounts for the seismic activity in the Tokyo area? ○ Tokyo is located where three tectonic plates meet: the Eurasian Plate, the Philippine Plate, and the Pacific Plate. Earthquakes result when these plates shift, leading to possibly extensive damage and destruction ● Religious geography of East Asia ○ China

■ is a country with a great diversity of religious beliefs. The main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism. Citizens of China may freely choose and express their religious beliefs, and make clear their religious affiliations. ○ Taiwan ■ For the most part, the traditional religions practiced in Taiwan are Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions ; except for a small number of purely Buddhist temples, however, most of the island's traditional places of worship combine all three traditions. ○ Japan ■ Shinto and Buddhism ○ South Korea ■ Religion in South Korea is diverse. A slight majority of South Koreans have no religion . Buddhism and Christianity are the dominant confessions among those who affiliate with a formal religion. Buddhism and Confucianism are the most influential religions in the lives of the South Korean people. ● Why did Japan’s international trade relations increase after World War II? ○ The loss of colonies necessitated obtaining raw materials from elsewhere. ● Why did many ex-samurai become chicken farmers? ○ Many former samurai had the capital to invest in new chicken farming technology ● Origins of the Korean War. Current status of the Korean War. ○ The Korean war began on June 25, 1950 , when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south ○ However, no peace treaty was ever signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war , engaged in a frozen conflict. In April 2018, the leaders of North and South Korea met at the DMZ and agreed to work toward a treaty to formally end the Korean War. ● Explain the population pyramid of Japan ○ A narrow base and a wide top ○ The pyramid for Japan shows an ageing population with the majority of the people aged between about 30 and 70 . There are also significant numbers of people, especially women, over 90 in Japan, indicating longer life expectancy. ● Centripetal forces in Japan ○ Ethnic Unity and Tolerance ○ Social/Economic Equity

○ Just and Fair Legal System ○ Charismatic Leadership ○ Religious Acceptance ○ Nationalism ○ Common Heritage ○ Common Language ○ Any Other Unifying Force ● Explain regional complementarity in the Korean peninsula ○ The terrain of the Korean Peninsula is rumpled, covered with low mountains . Most rocks are of Precambrian origin, although isolated pockets of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rock can also be found. There are no active volcanoes on the peninsula. ● What is the DMZ? ○ In computer networks, a DMZ, or demilitarized zone, is a physical or logical subnet that separates a local area network (LAN) from other untrusted networks -- usually, the public internet. DMZs are also known as perimeter networks or screened subnetworks. ○ The North Korean side of the DMZ primarily serves to stop an invasion of North Korea from the south . ● Why did Japan not experience a major rural-to-urban population shift as it developed? ○ Japan has a long-history of well-developed urban landscapes ○ Mountainous terrain resulted in populations concentrated in semi-urban settings near coastal areas and river plains ○ Japan never had a large rural population to begin with ● What is the “population paradox”? ○ Smaller families, longer lives ○ New challenges: ■ Labor shortages ● Not enough people to replace those who retire ● Rural areas experience de-population ■ Aging population ● Increasing dependency ratio ● Accelerating health care cost ■ Limited immigration due to cultural politics ● Eldercare: from the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam Oceania ● Explain the unique biogeography of Australia and New Zealand.

○ Marsupials (animals whose young are raised in their mother’s pouch) are unique to Australia and New Zealand, including kangaroos, wallabees, koalas, and bandicoots. There are also unique plants in this region. ● Wallace’s Line and Weber’s Line ○ Wallace’s Line and Weber’s Line are imaginary lines that differentiate the Asian realm and the Austral realm. These lines of demarcation are used to show where unique animals to the Austrian realm (such as marsupials) originated from. ● Colonialism in Australia and New Zealand ○ Australia was inhabited by Aboriginal people before being inhabited by Europeans. Australia was first “discovered” in 1606 by the Dutch. James Cook landed south of Sydney and claimed the region for Britain. He also mapped the coastline of New Zealand in 1769, and Britain took claim with it along with New South Wales. ● Botany Bay ○ Botany Bay was where James Cook landed, and where prisoners from Britain were taken to. ● Australia’s political status in relation to the United Kingdom ○ ● Women’s right to vote in New Zealand ○ New Zealand was the first country to grant women the right to vote in 1893. ● Australia’s top industry ○ Tourism ● Uluru ○ Ayers Rock (Uluru) is a rock rising 1142 feet above the outback that is now a popular tourist attraction, but holds significant cultural value to the Aborigines. ● Australia’s largest cities are in which climate zone? ○ Type C (Moderate and temperate) ● What were the “White Australia” policies? ○ “White Australia” policies served to limit the immigration of nonwhite people to Australia. ● What is the economic relationship between Australia and Japan? ○ Japan is Australia’s biggest trading partner. Australia’s main exports are food and raw materials, which Japan has a high demand for. ● Conflicts between extractive industries and Aboriginal land claims ● What explains the physical geographic differences between New Zealand’s North and South Islands? ● Gondwana and New Zealand ● Treaty of Waitangi

● Climate change effects on Antarctica and Oceania ● Three subregions of Oceania: Melenesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. ● Centrifugal forces in the Solomon Islands ● What is the political conflict in West Papua? ● Current manifestations of colonialism in Oceania: ○ West Papua ○ New Caledonia (Kanaky) ○ American Sāmoa ○ Tahiti ○ Rapa Nui (Easter) ○ Hawai i ʻ ○ Federated States of Micronesia ○ Palau ○ Marshall Islands ○ Northern Marianas ○ Guam ● Compact of Free Association (COFA) ● Nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands ● Good and bad ozone ● Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)