Env222

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School

University of Toronto *

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222H1

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Geography

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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Uploaded by PresidentRockMongoose25

Env222 course notes - Quizzes: based on lecture + core readings - Assignment: based on readings Week 1 (sept 12)- course intro (THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS) LECTURE - Ecology, Environment, Anthropocene - Ecological crisis- env, poverty, inequality, resource depleDon + links - Dish with One spoon Wampum Treaty - Interconnectedness of everything- take into consideraDon a lot of things affect any decision that is being made - The ecological crisis - not environmental, crisis around suitability, replaDng one another and planets and health and wellbeing of enDre web of life o InterrelaDonship + interdependence o Its more than just about the envionement - Humanity is at crossroads - Midst of 6 th great mass exDncDon- biodiversity loss, eutrophicaDon, climate change, ocean acidificaDon o OverpopulaDon, overconsumpDon, resource misuse (environment overexploitaDon) o Top 20% of the world needs to take care of their economic footprint § Most resources stay at the top (poverty problems) - Browns Plan B- Right policies (poliDcal + sustainable mindset) - Anthropocene - A new geological epoch dominated by humanity. Our technological offers hope. - InterconnecDons- climate change + poverty, profit + deforestaDon + climate change, overconsumpDon + overpopulaDon, global warming + disease spread - Macrophasic power with a microphasic mind (lots of power with limited wisdom) - Ecological jusDce o W3- Anthropocene or capitalocene - World becomes so interdependent, we have so much knowledge and power now

Env222 course notes Week 2 (sept 18)- scienCfic + technological dimensions - Key planetary boundaries have been exceeded o 9 boundaries, 3 already exceeded: § - Erlich and Erlich: avoiding collapse arDcle o Malthusian thinking o PopulaDon carrying capacity has been increased but Earth cannot sustain it o Challenges- nuclear war, food shortage, biodiversity loss (6 th greatest mass exDncDon), epidemics o Minimize global warming, plasDc waste. ENDARKMENT - No untouched piece of biodiversity le^ in the world - Climate change and the greenhouse effect, CFC + HFC - Very potent GHG -> - PosiDve feedback loops- maintains stability - NegaDve feedback loops- diverges exponenDally away (amplifies) from stability - Land loss: o Losing 0.8% forests + ecosystems to agriculture each year for past 50 years o 38% land = agriculture: 11% arable + 26% livestock o Loss of ferDle land drives biodiversity loss o Soil + forests are carbon sinks - Biodivesity loss: o 6 th major mass exDnct o 50-100 million species lost/year § Ecosystem less resilient o DeforestaDon causes lesser cooling linked to ocean acidificaDon + plasDcs - Ocean acidificaDon o Coral reef + plankton (responsible for 50% of oxygen) all die - Freshwater use o Lower soil moisture o Shi^s in runoff

Env222 course notes o Aquifier depleDon - Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles o EutrophicaDon – hypoxic zones in the gulf of Mexico o Phosphorus is a limited resource- exploitaDon - Other boundaries o Stratospheric ozone depleDon o Atmospheric aerosol loading o Chemical polluDon - All these things depend on each other and interact and hence have an ever-greater effect. InteracDons make boundaries more sensiDve. - Complexity, resilience, change - We need to destroy the myth of eternal economic growth and strengthen global governance => movements of academic and civil society - Polycentric soluDons needed to address complex boundaries Wicked problems, post-normal science + search for wisdom - Not addressed by planetary boundaries - Highly complex - SoluDon is bejer/ worse - MulDple complex causes: no clear problem/ definiDon - Need integraDve thinking - Take long to evaluate - Super wicked problems- wicked problems + Dme is running out - Not morally wicked but diﬃcult to solve - May have no final soluDon - Need an integraDon of knowledge - Transdisciplinary and imaginaDons - Need wisdom- knowledge grounded in experience, see wider problems + connecDons

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Env222 course notes Week 3 (sept 25) – poliCcal + economic + social dimensions - Ecological crisis = 3 factors = populaDon + affluence/ consumpDon + technology - I (impact) = P (# people) x A (consumpDon per person) x T (polluDon, resource use) - ExponenDal growth- populaDon growth o PopulaDon and posiDve feedback o Caused by: bejer sanitaDon, vaccine, medicine, low infant mortality, more food supply + agriculture, improved standard of living o Recently populaDon growth rates have fallen: cultural shi^, bejer health (not all kids die), urbanizaDon, more reliable birth control, bejer educaDon, more old age security - Affluence and consumpDon o Higher the human development index, higher the ecological footprint § Ecological footprint- ecological impact per capita § Number of forests needed to absorb the greenhouse gas emissions § Amount of land to produced what is needed Policy negoDaDons

Env222 course notes - Most ecological issues are transboundary: created by 1 but affect all - Tragedy of the commons- everyone is affected - Pluralism- views policy in terms of compeDng interests, but not all parDes have equal power. - Eg: Biotech industry and CFIA: Governments want to create a business-friendly environment. Have ideas that inequality is acceptable, compeDDon natural, necessity of economic growth, etc. o Ideas of shaping the desires of individuals to accept ruling power and their paradigms. - Orders of change: o First order: changing levels and senngs o Second orders: no change to goals, but new laws + regulaDons o Third order: changing policy goals + paradigms o Systemic pathologies - Pathology- logic of suffering - Economic growth measured by GDP growth from ecological viewpoint is CANCEROUS - Cancerous growth- eternal economic growth o GDP is a stupid measure- naDonal income doesn’t have a debit side - Corporate rule- 100 corps responsible for 71% GHG emissions; account >35% of GDP and 0.03% workers - Pathological super- 1 clear moDve = generate profit - ParasiDc finance- more profit from financial transacDon than producDon o Drives ecological destrucDon o Eg pacific lumber company - Capitalocene: - Other examples of pathologies- maldevelopment, monoculture, dominaDon + exploitaDon,

Env222 course notes Week 4 (oct 2) – Ethical + psychological dimensions of the ecological crisis - Worldviews and ecology their relaDonship o Problems of perspecDve: Dme, distance, worldviews § We get used to new realiDes rather fast, instead of reacDng to the ecological crisis § Diﬃculty in making linkages between clothes + polluDon, cars + polluDon, food consumpDon + polluDon • Consequences of our acDons are hidden from us § Brought up within an industrial worldview, so we have normalized it § We learn about habits of perceiving the world, instead of leaning and developing our own percepDon, we are taught how to perceive the world § - Anthropocentric (humancentricness)- nature only has instrumental + aestheDc value. Each creature + thing has intrinsic value. Value from an ecocentric point of view. - - Leopold’s land ethic o - Ecofeminism vs deep ecology- o Both reject anthropocentricism o Andopocentrism- deep patriarchy, dominaDon o NOT about replacing men in power than with women in power, its about reassigning power, the ability to act, to change things - Social ecology o Cannot resolve ecological problems without addressing social problems o ITS ALL INTERCONNECTED o Need to analyse economics + poliDcs - Anthropoharmonism o - Integral ecology o - Importance of emoDons o

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Env222 course notes - - Ecopsychology o - Traumas and ecopsychosis o F - Residue of self o

Env222 course notes Week 5 (oct 10) – Agriculture, Food producCon, Land use - Historical perspecDves about genesis of ecological crisis - Food producDon and human-nature relaDonships contribuDng to ecological crisis - Modern industrial agriculture on ecosystems - Agriculture and food producDon o 50% of farmers are women o 955 farmers are poor/ live in global south o Farming has the largest ecological footprint - Hunter and gatherers o Things not true: o o o Great variety of adapDve strategies- leads to food security o Smaller groups in larger teritorries have rich ecological systems hence lower ecological footprints § Ethics about how much someone can take without doing much damage- SUSTAINABLE YEILD o CooperaDon + food sharing o SUBSISTENCE IS NOT THE SAME AS POVERTY - HorDcultural + pastoral society o Less freedom, more rouDnised o PopulaDon growth can be sustained + more secure o Pastorals live with greater mobility o Some evidence of patriarchy - Intensive agricultural society o Technological improvements o Use animal powers - Caral peru vs Pisaq peru - Hierarchy vs anthropocentrism effects on agriculture - Industrial agriculture o Capital intensive, large scale, highly mechanized

Env222 course notes o o Problems § Monoculture § § Soil degradaDon § § High energy use

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Env222 course notes § § GHG emissions § § Significant % of ghg in the world produced by agro + food systems § Water usage § § Chemical dependence

Env222 course notes § § Loss of food varieDes § § Potato famine in Ireland is an eg § Animal agriculture § - Agroecology, permaculture - Polyculture - Aquaponics - Six pillars of food sovereignty

Env222 course notes Class 6 (oct 17): Historical PerspecCves (energy, industrializaCon, consumerism) - Energy before 1800 o - Possible connecDon between industrial revoluDon and aboliDon of slavery - The rise of coal o 1800-1900 world energy increased x3 o Around 1900 coal became 90% of energy o Peak use in Europe o InterconnecDons between colonizaDon and consumpDon of raw materials, eg: India under the BriDsh rule o Changes in communicaDon + transportaDon o Rising economies of scale o ConsumpDon + capitalism- want for GDC increasing - Electricity use o Eﬃciency - Oil o - Pathology of dominaDon - Eco feminisDc views on this: - - AssumpDons: Subdue Nature - AssumpDons: Mechanisms

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Env222 course notes Consumerism - - Sustainable consumpDon- (alr seen IPAT formula) - Historical perspecDve o ColonizaDon - Happiness and consumerism o Diminishing return o Beyond 200,000 not significant difference o Lower incomes = more happiness related to income - Costa rica and pura vida - Beyond consumerism: o

Env222 course notes Week 7- technology and sustainability (oct 24) -