RM4002_Assessment_LiteratureAnalysisWorksheet (Repaired)

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Jan 9, 2024

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Source Full Reference Brief Summary of the Article or Report Summary of the Content Most Pertinent to the Research Question Evaluation of Internal and External Validity Study Population 1. nih.gov Jordan, A., Mathis, M., Haeny, A., Funaro, M., Paltin, D., & Ransome, Y. (2021). An evaluation of opioid use in black communities: a rapid review of the literature. Harvard review of psychiatry, 29(2), 108. The article/report focuses on how there are multiple aspects of the opioid crisis that exists in the U.S. but doesn’t include the African American community in a broader perspective. It details that opioid overdose deaths are increased in the U.S. but there is little focus on how this epidemic affects African Americans. The article highlighted patterns of opioid use specifically in the African American community, how opioid addiction is seen more in women than men, and what factors are associated with the use of opioids in this demographic group. The article strives to fill gaps in research as it relates to opioid crisis in African Americans. Internal Validity: The goal of the article/report is to provide insight of how the African American community is affected by opioid addiction and use. The article has internal validity as it provided data to support the findings of the article and the method used to obtain data was an appropriate sample population to study from. External validity: The study fit well with existing knowledge of the topic as it gave much needed data on this specific demographic. It also provided a comparison to other demographics to reflect how the results can be generalized to a specific audience. Study population contained 76 studies that included articles which focused on the African American populations within multiples states in the U.S., excluding other populations, specific dimensions of opioid use, incidences of opioid use, overdose rates (fatal and non- fatal), initiation of and engagement of treatment, and co- occurring substance use with opioids. 2. frontiersin.org Blackwood, C. A., & Cadet, J. L. (2021). This article discusses genetic factors The context that is most pertinent to the Internal Validity: The study uses data that Study population contained data from RM4002 LITERATURE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

Epigenetic and genetic factors associated with opioid use disorder: are these relevant to African American populations. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 798362. associated with opioid use disorder and how they are relevant to African American populations. The article also discusses how genetic factors can influence responses to treatments of those with opioid addictions. research question is how the article infers how genetics can play apart in how opioid addiction happens specifically in African Americans versus other ethnic groups. It also suggests how this research can determine better treatment outcomes for those of this demographic. focuses on genetic factors. The type of testing to establish a relationship between addiction to opioids and genetics, can provide accurate results to support the conclusions. External Validity: This study was conducted within a population that includes African Americans with comparison to Whites and Hispanics. It provides a comparison of how African Americans are affected against other populations of people. studies focused on genetic and epigenetic factors that impact the u-opioid receptor genes. Study population included African Americans, Whites, and Hispanics. 3. thelancet.com Humphreys, K., Shover, C. L., Andrews, C. M., Bohnert, A. S., Brandeau, M. L., Caulkins, J. P., ... & Timko, C. (2022). Responding to the opioid crisis in North America and beyond: recommendations of the Stanford–Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 399(10324), 555-604. This article discusses the management of the opioid crisis in North America and beyond. It details the rates and numbers of overdoses due to opioid usage and how the recent Covid-19 pandemic was a major contributing factor due to the lack of access to treatments and access to life-saving medications. The context that is most pertinent to the research question is how the article gives insight to how African Americans were most affected by the opioid crisis than other races and populations. Internal Validity: The study uses a nationally recognized source of findings that reflect overdoses to opioids. External Validity: The study is strong enough to provide data to show overdose numbers but could be a stronger source if the study was conducted more recently. Study Population contained a census of 100,000 drug overdoses, with nearly 76,000 attributed to opioids, reported in 2020 in the U.S. derived from data from US Food and Drug Administration, Drug Enforcement Agency, and the Stanford-Lancet Commission. 4. degruyter.com Spencer, M. R., & This article discusses The context that is Internal Validity: The Study Population RM4002 LITERATURE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

Weathers, S. (2020). Trends and risk factors of adolescent opioid abuse/misuse: understanding the opioid epidemic among adolescents. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 33(4), 20180179. the opioid misuse and abuse in adolescents in the U.S. and how death rates are steadily increasing. It also discusses how the U.S. Health and Human Services has declared opioid crisis a public health emergency in this population group. most pertinent to the research question is how the article provides insight to how adolescents aged 15-19 years have seen high death rates due to opioid misuse as well as adolescents aged 12- 25 nationwide. study provides an insight into a specific age group to reflect opioid use and misuse. External Validity: The study can be generalized as it reflects the range of adolescents experiencing opioid abuse and misuse. It could yield more specific results if it focused more on females in this age range of African American decent. contained adolescents aged 12-25 years in the U.S. experiencing opioid abuse and misuse. 5. journals.sagepub.com Kyei, E. F., & Leveille, S. (2023). Opioid misuse and opioid overdose mortality among the black population in the united states: an integrative review . Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 15271544231164323. This article discusses how opioid crisis affects the Black population in the U.S. It also provides insight as to how Black people experience higher mortality rates than other races and how Black women are affected. The context that is most pertinent to the research question is how Black men and women are affected by opioid misuse. The context includes the availability of prescriptions to the Black population, its mortality rates for both Black men and women, and its comparison to the impact of other races. Internal Validity: This study uses data from databases that are trusted to provide accurate findings. The study shows the cause-and-effect relationship of the experiment. External Validity: The study shows that the results obtained through the findings cannot be generalized to other situations. Study Population contained 11 articles and 6 studies consisting of data from Black populations in the U.S. affected by opioid abuse and addiction provided by CINHAL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. 6. annualreviews.org Gottschalk, M. (2023). The opioid crisis: the This article discusses the opioid crisis in the The context that is most pertinent to the Internal Validity: The study provides data Study Population contained data from RM4002 LITERATURE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

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war on drugs is over. long live the war on drugs. Annual Review of Criminology, 6, 363-398. U.S. from a governmental standpoint. It discusses how the drug crisis has killed thousands of people each year and how the opioid crisis is viewed as a racialized double standard. research question is how the opioid crisis is compared to other drug crisis, such as crack abuse and have parallel factors that influence the epidemic. The context includes how those experiencing opioid addiction, abused, and death are affected at state and local levels. from a governmental standpoint that consists of reported information in the United States. Because of the variables and their effects, the findings could be considered valid. External Validity: The results of the study can be generalized as the basis of the study gives a broad view of drug crisis rather than specifically, opioid crisis. law makers that examined drug crisis over the past 25 years under different presidential administrations, that reflected the outcomes of different phases of opioid crisis. 7. painmanagementnursi ng.org Vallerand, A. H. (2018). Pain-related disparities: are they something nurses should care about? Pain Management Nursing, 19(1), 1-2. This article discusses how pain-related disparities can contribute to opioid addiction. It discusses the relationship between pain and depression and how nurses providing care should be aware of patients that are vulnerable to pain medicine addiction. The context that is most pertinent to the research question is how African American women experiencing a pain-related disparity can also develop depressive symptoms. It focuses on how African American women experiencing this can develop an addiction to opioids. Internal Validity: The study reflects firsthand encounters of nurses treating pain-related disparities. The findings could be considered invalid as it only presents finding from independent variables. External Validity: The study provided results that could be considered valid for the population used in the reports and could be generalized Study Population contained reports and articles written by nurses focusing on pain-related disparities and how factors such as race and poverty were influential in the research process. RM4002 LITERATURE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

as there are different types of pain-related disparities. 8. link.springer.com Siddiqui, N., & Urman, R. D. (2022). Opioid use disorder and racial/ethnic health disparities: prevention and management. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 26(2), 129-137. This article discusses the risks and disparities associated with opioid prevention and treatment as it relates to opioid use disorder. The context that is most pertinent to the research question is how African Americans receive less treatment resources but higher criminalization of opioid use disorder. Internal Validity: The study focuses on populations who experience disparity due to socioeconomic factors and addresses the explanation for the result. External Validity: The study does reflect a generalization of the research outcomes as the results can be compared to other populations. Study Population contained data from African American, Latin, Native American, and White populations and homeless individuals who lacked access to health care resources. 9. https://journals.sagep ub.com/doi/10.1080/0 8897077.2021.19449 54 Martin, C. E., Almeida, T., Thakkar, B., & Kimbrough, T. (2022). Postpartum and addiction recovery of women in opioid use disorder treatment: a qualitative study. Substance Abuse, 43(1), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1080 /08897077.2021.1944 954 This publication discusses the affects of postpartum and addiction recovery in opioid use in women. The context that is most pertinent to the research question is how opioid addiction affects a specific demographic of women specifically postpartum women. Internal Validity: The study focuses on women of a certain population that is affected by opioid use and addiction. It provides a substantial view of the demographic presented in the research question, but also reflects on a factor such as postpartum that affects addiction. External Validity: The study does not provide a generalized result as it focuses on Study Population contained semi- structured interviews with postpartum women under opioid use disorder treatment (12 women, 9 providers) at an addiction clinic. RM4002 LITERATURE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

women in addiction treatment with opioid use. 10. www.sciencedirect.co m Cook J. L. (2022). The opioid epidemic . Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 85(Pt B), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.bpobgyn.2022.07.00 3 This publication focuses on the opioid epidemic as a whole and shares how overtime and due to many complex factors, women became disproportionally affected. The context that is most pertinent to the research question is opioids became a global epidemic and how certain factors contributed to addictions and death rates of women. Internal Validity: The study discusses women affected by the opioid epidemic and addresses the factors that caused them. External Validity: The study provides a generalization that can lead the results into another context. Study Population contained data of women effected by the opioid epidemic in the United States and Canada. Add more rows for more sources. Recommended length is 1–2 pages. RM4002 LITERATURE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

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RM4002_Assessment_LiteratureAnalysisWorksheet (Repaired)

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