OG2016Test1NEW
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University Of Chicago *
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30000
Subject
English
Date
Apr 3, 2024
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docx
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Uploaded by MinisterBook22803
OG 2016 Test 1 – 9 questions, 16 minutes 25 Seconds – all correct
Directions
: The question presents a sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others.
This question tests correctness and effectiveness of expression. In choosing your answer, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, and
sentence construction. Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence; this answer should be clear and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical error.
1. (2) Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but
they then veer off toward higher latitudes, in many cases changing direction toward the east before dissipating over the colder, more northerly waters or over land.
О
Hurricanes at first begin traveling from east to west, because that direction is the way the prevailing winds in the tropics blow, but О
At first, hurricanes travel from east to west, because that is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics, but
О
While hurricanes travel from east to west at first, the direction of the prevailing winds blowing in the tropics, and
О
Because hurricanes at first travel from east to west, since it is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics,
О
Hurricanes, beginning by traveling from east to west, because this is the direction of the
prevailing winds in the tropics,
Directions
: Each of the critical reasoning questions is based on a short argument, a set of
statements, or a plan of action. For each question, select the best answer of the choices given.
2. (1) Neuroscientist: Memory evolved to help animals react appropriately to situations they encounter by drawing on the past experience of similar situations. But this does not require that animals perfectly recall every detail of all their experiences. Instead, to function well, memory should generalize from past experiences that are similar to the current one.
The neuroscientist’s statements, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?
О
At least some animals perfectly recall every detail of at least some past experiences.
О
Perfectly recalling every detail of all their past experiences could help at least some animals react more appropriately than they otherwise would to new situations they encounter.
О
Generalizing from past experiences requires clear memories of most if
not all the details of those experiences.
О
Recalling every detail of all past experiences would be incompatible with any ability to generalize from those experiences.
О
Animals can often react more appropriately than they otherwise would to situations they
encounter if they draw on generalizations from past experiences of similar situations.
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3. (4) While Noble Sissle may be best known for his collaboration with Eubie Blake, as
both a vaudeville performer and as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, also
enjoying
an independent career as a singer with such groups as Hahn’s Jubilee
Singers.
О
and as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying
О
and writing lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals, also enjoying
О
and a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, he also enjoyed
О
as well as writing lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals, he also enjoyed
О
as well as a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals, he had also enjoyed
4. (7) From an experiment using special extrasensory perception cards, each bearing one of a set of symbols, parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine claimed statistical proof for subjects who could use thought transference to identify a card in the dealer’s hand
.
О
for subjects who could use thought transference to identify a card in the dealer’s hand
О
for a card in the dealer’s hand to be identified by subjects with thought transference
О
of subjects able to identify with thought transference a card in the dealer’s hand
О
that subjects could identify a card in the dealer’s hand by using thought transference
О
that subjects are capable to use thought transference for identifying a card in the dealer’s hand
Directions
: The questions in this group are based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Scientists long believed that two nerve clusters in the human hypothalamus, called suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs), were what controlled our circadian rhythms. Those rhythms are the biological cycles that recur approximately every 24 hours in synchronization with the cycle of sunlight and darkness caused by Earth’s rotation. Studies have demonstrated that in some animals, the SCNs control daily fluctuations in blood pressure, body temperature, activity level, and alertness, as well as the nighttime release of the sleep promoting agent melatonin. Furthermore, cells in the human retina dedicated to transmitting information about light levels to the SCNs have recently been discovered. Four critical genes governing circadian cycles have been found to be active in every tissue, however, not just the SCNs, of flies, mice, and humans. In addition, when laboratory rats that usually ate at will were fed
only once a day, peak activity of a clock gene
in their livers shifted by 12 hours, whereas the same clock gene in the SCNs remained synchronized with light cycles. While scientists do not dispute the role of the SCNs in controlling core functions such as the regulation of body temperature and blood pressure, scientists now believe that circadian clocks in other organs and tissues may respond to external cues other than light
—including temperature changes—that
5. (8) The primary purpose of the passage is
to
О
challenge recent findings that appear to contradict earlier findings
О
present two sides of an ongoing scientific debate
О
report answers to several questions that
have long puzzled researchers
О
discuss evidence that has caused a long-standing belief to be revised
О
attempt to explain a commonly misunderstood biological phenomenon
6. (9) The passage mentions each of the following as a function regulated by the SCNs
in some animals EXCEPT
О
activity level
О
blood pressure
О
alertness
О
vision
2
О
temperature
recur regularly every 24 hours.
7. (10) The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements about the SCNs?
О
The SCNs are found in other organs and tissues of the body besides the hypothalamus.
О
The SCNs play a critical but not exclusive role in regulating circadian rhythms.
О
The SCNs control clock genes in a number of tissues and organs throughout the body.
О
The SCNs are a less significant factor in
regulating blood pressure than scientists once believed.
О
The SCNs are less strongly affected by changes in light levels than they
are by other external cues.
8. (2) Astronomer: Most stars are born in groups of thousands, each star in a group forming from the same parent cloud of gas. Each cloud has a unique, homogeneous chemical composition. Therefore, whenever two stars have the same chemical composition as each other, they must have originated from the same cloud of gas.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the astronomer’s argument?
О
In some groups of stars, not every star originated from the same parent cloud of gas.
О
Clouds of gas of similar or identical chemical composition may be remote from each other.
О
Whenever a star forms, it inherits the chemical composition of its parent cloud of gas.
О
Many stars in vastly different parts of the universe are quite similar in their chemical compositions.
О
Astronomers can at least sometimes precisely determine whether a star has the same chemical composition as its parent cloud of gas.
9. (3) A provincial government plans to raise the gasoline tax to give people an incentive
to drive less, reducing traffic congestion in the long term. However, skeptics point out that most people in the province live in areas where cars are the only viable transportation to jobs and stores and therefore cannot greatly change their driving habits in response to higher gasoline prices.
In light of the skeptics’ objection, which of the following, if true, would most logically support the prediction that the government’s plan will achieve its goal of reducing traffic congestion?
О
The revenue from the tax will be used to make public transportation a viable means of transportation to jobs and stores for far more people.
О
The tax will encourage many residents to switch to more fuel-efficient cars, reducing air
pollution and other problems.
О
Because gasoline has been underpriced for decades, the province has many neighborhoods where cars are the only viable means of transportation.
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Most residents who cannot greatly change their driving habits could compensate for high gasoline prices by reducing other expenses.
О
Traffic congestion is an especially serious problem for people for whom cars are the only viable means of transportation.
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