OG2016Test2NEW

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OG 2016 Test 2 – 9 questions, 16 minutes 25 seconds – all correct Directions : The questions in this group are based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. A small number of the forest species of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies, which exist as caterpillars during most of their life cycle) exhibit regularly recurring patterns of population growth and decline—such fluctuations in population are known as population cycles. Although many different variables influence population levels, a regular pattern such as a population cycle seems to imply a dominant, driving force. Identification of that driving force, however, has proved surprisingly elusive despite considerable research. The common approach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites, has been unproductive in the case of lepidoptera. Moreover, population ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles by changing the caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar populations have not succeeded. In short, the evidence implies that these insect populations, if not self-regulating, may at least be regulated by an agent more intimately connected with the insect than are predatory birds or parasites. Recent work suggests that this agent may be a virus. For many years, viral disease had been reported in declining populations of caterpillars, but population ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributed to the decline once it was underway rather than to have initiated it. The recent work has been made possible by new techniques of molecular biology that allow viral DNA to be detected at low concentrations in the environment. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses are hypothesized to be the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera in part because the viruses themselves follow an infectious cycle in which, if protected from direct sunlight, they may remain virulent for many years in the environment, embedded in durable crystals of polyhedrin protein. Once ingested by a caterpillar, the crystals dissolve, releasing the virus to infect the insect’s cells. Late in the course of the infection, millions of new virus particles are formed and enclosed in polyhedrin crystals. These crystals reenter the environment after the insect dies and decomposes, thus becoming available to infect other caterpillars. One of the attractions of this hypothesis is its broad applicability. Remarkably, despite significant differences in habitat and behavior, many species of lepidoptera have population cycles of similar length, between eight and 11 years. Nuclear polyhedrosis 1. (42) The primary purpose of the passage is to О describe the development of new techniques that may help to determine the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera О present evidence that refutes a particular theory about the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera О present a hypothesis about the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera О describe the fluctuating patterns of population cycles in lepidoptera О question the idea that a single driving force is behind population cycles in lepidoptera 2. (43) It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to О develop an explanation for the existence of lepidoptera population cycles О identify behavioral factors in lepidoptera that affect survival rates О identify possible methods for controlling lepidoptera population growth О provide evidence that lepidoptera populations are self-regulating О determine the life stages of lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest 1

viral infection is one factor these disparate species share. 3. (44) Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines the highlighted text? О New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years. О New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles. О Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera. О Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles. О Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population. 4. (45) According to the passage, before the discovery of new techniques for detecting viral DNA, population ecologists believed that viral diseases О were not widely prevalent among insect populations generally О affected only the caterpillar life stage of lepidoptera 2

О were the driving force behind lepidoptera population cycles О attacked already declining caterpillar populations О infected birds and parasites that prey on various species of lepidoptera Directions : The question presents a sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others. This question tests correctness and effectiveness of expression. In choosing your answer, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, and sentence construction. Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence; this answer should be clear and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical error. 5. (10) A long-term study of some 1,000 physicians indicates that the more coffee these doctors drank, the more they had a likelihood of coronary disease . О more they had a likelihood of coronary disease О more was their likelihood of having coronary disease О more they would have a likelihood to have coronary disease О greater was their likelihood of having coronary disease О greater was coronary disease likely 6. (13) Although Alice Walker published a number of essays, poetry collections, and stories during the 1970s, her third novel, The Color Purple, which was published in 1982, brought her the widest acclaim in that it won both the National Book Award as well as the Pulitzer Prize . О which was published in 1982, brought her the widest acclaim in that it won both the National Book Award as well as the Pulitzer Prize О published in 1982, bringing her the widest acclaim by winning both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize О published in 1982, brought her the widest acclaim, winning both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize О was published in 1982 and which, winning both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize, brought her the widest acclaim О was published in 1982, winning both the National Book Award as well as the Pulitzer Prize, and bringing her the widest acclaim 7. (18) Unlike the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants, situated underground or in pieces of wood, raider ants make a portable nest by entwining their long legs to form “curtains” of ants that hang from logs or boulders, providing protection for the queen and the colony larvae and pupae. О the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants, О the nests of leaf cutters and most other ants, which are 3

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О leaf cutters and most other ants, whose nests are О leaf cutters and most other ants in having nests О those of leaf cutters and most other ants with nests Directions : For this question, select the best of the answer choices given. 8. (4) Editorial: The roof of Northtown’s municipal equipment-storage building collapsed under the weight of last week’s heavy snowfall. The building was constructed recently and met local building-safety codes in every particular, except that the nails used for attaching roof supports to the building’s columns were of a smaller size than the codes specify for this purpose. Clearly, this collapse exemplifies how even a single, apparently insignificant departure from safety standards can have severe consequences. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial’s argument? О The only other buildings to suffer roof collapses from the weight of the snowfall were older buildings constructed according to less exacting standards than those in the codes. О The amount of snow that accumulated on the roof of the equipment storage building was greater than the predicted maximum that was used in drawing up the safety codes. О Because the equipment-storage building was not intended for human occupation, some safety-code provisions that would have applied to an office building did not apply to it. О The municipality of Northtown itself has the responsibility for ensuring that buildings constructed within its boundaries meet the provisions of the building-safety codes. О Because the equipment-storage building was used for storing snow removal equipment, the building was almost completely empty when the roof collapsed. 9. (8) A newly discovered painting seems to be the work of one of two seventeenth century artists, either the northern German Johannes Drechen or the Frenchman Louis Birelle, who sometimes painted in the same style as Drechen. Analysis of the carved picture frame, which has been identified as the painting’s original seventeenth-century frame, showed that it is made of wood found widely in northern Germany at the time, but rare in the part of France where Birelle lived. This shows that the painting is most likely the work of Drechen. Which of the following is an assumption that the argument requires? О The frame was made from wood local to the region where the picture was painted. О Drechen is unlikely to have ever visited the home region of Birelle in France. О Sometimes a painting so resembles others of its era that no expert is able to onfidently decide who painted it. О The painter of the picture chose the frame for the picture. О The carving style of the picture frame is not typical of any specific region of Europe. 4

OG2016Test2NEW

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